Peptic Ulcer Disease

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PUD is mostly associated with Helicobacter Pylori (H. pylori) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).H. pylori are class one carcinogen causing chronic gastritis, gastric/duodenal ulcer, and may associate with coronary artery disease, stroke, vitamin B12 and iron deficiency. The pathogenicity of H. pylori in development of PUD mainly belong two major virulence factors namely cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and vacuolating cytotoxin gene A(VacA). CagA is associated with a more severe form of the disease as well as gastric carcinoma. Cag A via activation of the ERK/MAPK pathway will lead to increase cellular proliferation and giving rise to cancer. VacA secretes vacuolating cytotoxin, which will result in vacuolation of epithelial cells and damage of mucosal tight junction, causing leakage of ions and acid into the gastric lumen.

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Peptic Ulcer Disease
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