This thesis provides an in depth exploration of cryptographic algorithms, focusing on AES and RSA. It examines their theoretical foundations, practical applications, and performance metrics, including encryption speed, security strength, and resource efficiency. By comparing symmetric (AES) and asymmetric (RSA) encryption, the study highlights their roles in secure communication systems and offers insights into optimal usage scenarios. This work also discusses the impact of cryptographic methods on real-world applications such as VPNs, secure messaging, and data encryption in cloud storage. The findings provide recommendations for selecting cryptographic approaches based on security and performance needs.