Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have received substantial interest in recent years due to their potential to address two key global challenges: wastewater treatment and power generation. The objective of this literature review is to provide a comprehensive summary of MFCs research for simultaneous wastewater treatment and power generation. It summarizes existing knowledge, highlights significant research developments, and explores the obstacles and potential future applications of this promising technology. The study emphasizes the significance of MFCs as a sustainable and innovative technique for wastewater treatment that also generates renewable energy.