Szerző szerinti böngészés "Ashraf, Chaudhry Hasnat"

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    The European Union’s Legal and Business Response to U.S. Commercial Policies Under the Trump Administration: A Study of Transatlantic Economic Tensions and International Business Law
    Ashraf, Chaudhry Hasnat; Hajnal, Zsolt; DE--Állam- és Jogtudományi Kar
    The thesis examines the European Union's legal and commercial reactions to America's commercial policies within the Trump administration, most importantly, three significant disputes: the tariffs of section 232 on steel and aluminium, the subsidy dispute of Boeing–Airbus, and tensions on digital services tax (DST). Integrating legal doctrinal analysis and thematic interpretation based on case studies, research scrutinises how the EU dealt with declining multilateral trade norms and reacted to protectionist actions of America by using legal, strategic, and diplomatic means. The results expose that the EU embraced a hybrid strategy—involving using WTO processes to contest U.S. actions as illegitimate while also using countermeasures and backing multilateral reform processes at the same time. At the same time, impacted multinational corporations such as Airbus, BMW, and Google reacted to these conflicts by modifying supply chains, raising legal compliance, lobbying, and pushing for regulatory stability. These dynamics illustrate how legal principles and corporate choice affect international trade regulation. The thesis incorporates theory from realism, legal positivism, transnational legal order theory, as well as liberal institutionalism to account for the EU's double obligation towards legalism as well as strategic flexibility. The thesis contends that today's trade conflicts increasingly speak to an integrated legal–business environment, wherein private and state actors co-produce regulation. The research concludes by calling for WTO reform that more defined legal frameworks for national security exemptions, and faster multilateral negotiations on digital taxation. It also highlights the rising trade diplomacy roles of private parties and the requirement of anticipatory legal instruments to handle disruptions to the international trading environment in advance.