DEA

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  Why Italian social democracy needs to be reinterpreted beyond the clichés of the post-war period

  (2026-02-01)

  Barbagallo, Salvatore

  Többet

  This article reviews Michele Donno’s book, Sulle tracce della Socialdemocrazia. L'altra storia dei socialisti italiani 1925-1964 , which offers a counter-current reinterpretation of the role of democratic socialism in the early decades of the Italian Republic . The author challenges the entrenched "damnatio memoriae" that historically branded the 1947 Palazzo Barberini split as an opportunistic betrayal . Instead, Donno frames it as a conscious attempt to realign Italian socialism with European democratic standards, directly contrasting it with the PSI's anomalous alliance with the PCI and the Soviet Union . By bridging political history and the analysis of public policies (such as the management of the Marshall Plan), the book highlights the "hinge" and democratic guarantee function exercised by Giuseppe Saragat’s party (PSLI/PSDI) . This minority force proved decisive both in securing Italy's adherence to the Western bloc in 1948, and in acting as a political incubator for the first organic center-left governments in the early 1960s . While vindicating the foresight of the social democrats' pro-European, Atlanticist, and reformist choices , the study does not conceal their structural vulnerabilities, including a chronic lack of financial resources, the failure to establish roots as a mass party, and its subsequent decline marked by political patronage . Ultimately, the work restores dignity to an autonomous political culture, inviting scholars to rethink the dynamics of stabilization and modernization in post-war Italy beyond traditional ideological frameworks.

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  Growth, phenological response, and yield of cucumber as influenced by variety, plant spacing and NPK fertilizer rate under tropical conditions

  (2026-06-15)

  Falaiye, Olamide Oluwatosin

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  Adeyemi, Nurudeen Olatunbosun

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  Oni, Olanrewaju Emmanuel

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  Somoye, Rukayat Adeola

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  Kasali, Asimiu Olusegun

  Többet

  Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) is the fourth most cultivated vegetable globally and an increasingly important cash crop in Nigeria. Yield stagnation from suboptimal variety selection, inappropriate plant spacing and inadequate fertiliser management constrains smallholder productivity in the humid tropics. This study determined the optimal combination of variety, plant spacing and NPK 15-15-15 fertiliser rate for maximising growth and fruit yield under tropical field conditions in the forest-savanna transition zone of SW Nigeria. Two field trials were conducted at FUNAAB (7°15′N, 3°25′E) in 2019 and 2020 using a split-split plot RCBD with three replications, evaluating two varieties (CU 999 and Monalisa), three plant spacings (75×25, 75×50, 75×75 cm) and four NPK rates (0, 100, 200, 300 kg ha⁻¹). Variety CU 999 produced significantly higher fruit yield (up to 9.18 t ha⁻¹) than Monalisa across all trials. Plants at 75×25 cm spacing consistently achieved the highest yield per hectare. NPK at 300 kg ha⁻¹ reduced days to 50% flowering by 3.8–6.4 days and increased yield across trials. The three-way interaction (Variety × Spacing × Fertiliser) was significant for fruit yield, with CU 999 × 75×25 cm × 300 kg ha⁻¹ recording peak performance. CU 999 sown at 75×25 cm and fertilised with 300 kg ha⁻¹ NPK 15-15-15 is recommended for maximum cucumber yield in the forest-savanna transition zone of Nigeria.

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  Phytobiome management in horticultural systems: beyond the rhizosphere toward whole-plant microbiome optimization

  (2026-06-02)

  Ahmad, Mohammad

  Többet

  The plant microbiome is not confined to the soil. Across every anatomical compartment, the rhizosphere, phyllosphere, endosphere, anthosphere, spermosphere, and carposphere, structurally distinct and functionally specialized microbial communities orchestrate processes fundamental to plant health, productivity, and resilience. Yet horticultural science has remained disproportionately anchored to the rhizosphere, leaving the vast microbial landscape inhabiting aerial, floral, seed, and fruit tissues largely unexplored and unmanaged. This blind spot carries profound consequences at a time when global horticultural production confronts an unprecedented convergence of pressures: accelerating climate instability, stringent restrictions on synthetic agrochemicals, mounting soil degradation, and escalating consumer demand for sustainably produced, chemical-free, premium-quality produce. The biological potential embedded within the whole-plant phytobiome to address these intersecting crises remains critically underutilized. A fundamental barrier to progress is the absence of a unifying scientific framework. Existing reviews address plant-associated microbiomes in disciplinary silos, focusing narrowly on rhizosphere bacteria, individual crop species, or single microbial kingdoms, without synthesizing the full cross-compartment, cross-kingdom phytobiome in the horticultural context. No comprehensive framework has yet integrated microbial community dynamics spanning bacteria, fungi, archaea, and viruses across fruit, vegetable, and ornamental crops within a single, coherent, and practically applicable model. This review addresses that gap directly. Through critical synthesis of compartment-resolved phytobiome research across major horticultural systems, we characterize the taxonomic composition, ecological assembly drivers, and agronomic functional roles of microbial communities inhabiting each plant compartment. We demonstrate that phyllosphere microbiomes confer photoprotection and pathogen exclusion; endophytic communities directly modulate secondary metabolite profiles and systemic immunity; anthosphere microbiomes influence pollinator attraction and fruit set; spermosphere communities determine seedling establishment success through vertical microbial inheritance; and carposphere microbiomes govern post-harvest storability and food safety outcomes. We further establish how host genotype, crop developmental stage, management-induced dysbiosis, and climate-driven perturbations collectively shape phytobiome assembly and functional integrity across compartments. Building on this synthesis, proposing to introduce the Whole-Plant Phytobiome Optimization (WPPO) framework, the first integrative, three-tier conceptual model designed specifically for horticultural systems. WPPO encompasses whole-plant phytobiome profiling using multi-omics platforms, identification of functional microbial modules linked to target agronomic traits, and precision compartment-targeted intervention through synthetic microbial communities (SynComs), encapsulated biostimulants, and digitally guided delivery systems integrated with IoT sensor networks and machine learning decision-support tools. Applied across the full crop life cycle, from spermosphere conditioning at seed priming to carposphere biopreservation at post-harvest, WPPO offers a scalable, evidence-based, and technologically integrated roadmap toward substantially reduced agrochemical dependence, enhanced crop resilience, superior produce quality, and the deployment of ecologically precise next-generation biocontrol and biostimulant strategies.

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  Skin colour and softening synchronization during ripening of three avocado cultivars

  (2026-07-02)

  Ledwaba, Kagiso Florance

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  Shikwambana, Kingsly

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  Mafeo, Tieho Paulus

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  Satekge, Thabiso Kenneth

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  Mathaba, Nhlanhla

  Többet

  Skin colour-softening de-synchronization during the early season remains a major quality concern in ‘Hass’ avocado, leading to consumer dissatisfaction and market losses. This study evaluated whether Hass-type cultivars ‘Carmen’ and ‘Maluma’ exhibit de-synchronization between skin colour and mesocarp softening as compared to ‘Hass’ avocado. The study was conducted using fruit harvested from a ZZ2 Moeketsi commercial farm in Tzaneen, Limpopo, South Africa. The ‘Carmen’ and ‘Maluma’ cultivars were harvested in April 2024, while the ‘Hass’ cultivar was harvested in May 2024. The harvested fruits were stored at 5.5 °C for 28 days. After cold storage, fruit were held at ambient temperature to induce ripening. Firmness declined significantly in all cultivars (p < 0.001), with ‘Carmen’ softening earlier and ‘Maluma’ showing a gradual softening pattern.  Skin colour changed from green to purple and black; however, colour development was more pronounced and closely aligned with softening in ‘Carmen’ and ‘Maluma’. Chlorophyll and carotenoids decreased, whereas anthocyanin increased during ripening, with a stronger correlation between colour, firmness, and pigment changes in ‘Carmen’ and ‘Maluma’. These results indicate better skin colour-softening synchronisation in ‘Carmen’ and ‘Maluma’, supporting their suitability for early season export programs.

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  Varietal variations in fruit quality parameters in strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa) harvested at different stages of color development

  (2026-06-09)

  Kaur, A.

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  Sharma, A.

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  Singh, N.

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  Sharma, S.

  Többet

  Present investigation reports the fruit quality of five strawberry cultivars (‘Rania’, ‘Winter Dawn’, ‘Winter Star’, ‘Camarose’ and ‘Navelia’) harvested at different stages of color development. These cultivars showed significant variations in their chemical composition. The highest and significant values of fruit weight, hue angle and total sugars were recorded in ‘Winter Star’ cultivar at full red stage. Total phenolics and ascorbic acid content were higher in ‘Camarose’ as compared to other cultivars. These parameters and reducing sugar content in strawberry fruits showed a direct relationship with DPPH radical scavenging activity. ‘Winter Star’ exhibited highest anthocyanin content form 25% red to full ripe red stage of fruit color development with most intensive color. Total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, pH, ° Brix values increased from green to full red stage whereas titratable acidity showed the reverse trend. These cultivars showed significant differences in their physicochemical and biochemical composition at different stages of ripening in agroclimatic conditions of Punjab area of northwest India. 

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