This thesis reviews the traditional coagulation cascade and acknowledges the advances in biopharmacy that have led to an updated understanding of the coagulation pathway. Additionally, it evaluates the efficacy of traditional anticoagulants and compares them with more recent counterparts—Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs). It also examines new additions to the anticoagulant drug lineup, namely Factor XIa inhibitors and Factor XIIa inhibitors. The challenges of using anticoagulants in clinical settings are also discussed, along with potential solutions. Finally, the thesis briefly examines the potential applications of Artificial Intelligence and Personalized Medicine in designing patient-specific anticoagulant regimens.