The discovery of Helicobacter pylori has made a significant impact in the understanding and treatment of gastroduodenal diseases like gastritis and peptic ulcer. The combined use of the appropriate doses of proton pump inhibitors and specific antibiotics like amoxicillin and clarithromycin have proved to be effective in the eradication of H. pylori. First-line therapies, salvage regimens tailored to different patients and also emerging drugs are being developed for the eradication of H. pylori. Antibiotic resistance is causing a decline in the eradication of H. pylori. It is one of the main challenges in regards to the treatment of H. pylori. With appropriate and prophylactic treatment, management and even healing of peptic ulcers can be achieved. However, if peptic ulcer is left untreated it can lead to severe complications like hemorrhage and perforation that require prompt surgical intervention.