Leadership in Pakistani NGOs: a special focus on sports organizations

Abstract

This study examines the relationship between leadership styles and organizational performance in Pakistani sports NGOs. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research draws on 203 survey responses and 30 interviews with organizational leaders. The findings show that ethical leadership significantly improves organizational sustainability, effectiveness, efficiency, and relevance. Transformational and transactional leadership strengthen ethical practices, while laissez-faire leadership has a negative effect. Leadership training, organizational size, funding structure, and the number of volunteers also significantly influence leadership effectiveness.