Obesity: Diagnosis and Treatment

Abstract

Obesity is a chronic, multifactorial disease with increasing global prevalence and significant health consequences. This thesis reviews the current understanding of obesity, including its epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, associated complications, and evidence-based treatment protocols and strategies. Diagnostic approaches extend beyond body mass index to include assessment of body fat distribution and obesity-related complications. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach consisting of lifestyle modification, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery. Recent advances in anti-obesity medications, particularly GLP-1 receptor agonists and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists, have substantially improved treatment outcomes, while bariatric surgery remains the most effective intervention for severe obesity. Early diagnosis and individualized treatment are essential to reduce morbidity, mortality, and improve long-term quality of life.