Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s, are characterized by neuronal loss. Treatment involves acetylcholinesterase and NMDA inhibitors like rivastigmine, galantamine, donepezil, and memantine for symptomatic relief. Additionally, herbal remedies like gintonin show promise in managing these conditions. Recent advancements include multitarget drugs like hypridone and bis (3)-Cognitin, which inhibit both acetylcholinesterase and MAO-B, reducing plaque accumulation and oxidative stress. Emerging techniques like siRNA targeting pathogenic proteins aim to influence mRNA stability and inhibit aberrant protein formation, offering new therapeutic avenues.