Racial discrimination remains an everyday challenge to millions of people living in the European Union. This takes a variety of forms, from racist remarks and stereotyping in the workplace to extreme instances of physical assault and even murder. Such discrimination is experienced by both citizens and non-citizens of the Union, from permanent residents to newly-arrived asylum-seekers. Racism occurs in both the public and the private sphere, be it in the harassment of ethnic minorities by the police and immigration authorities, or the refusal of a job on the basis of an individual's colour, race or nationality. Furthermore, the legacy of both past and present racism results in social and economic disadvantage to ethnic minorities, which is plain to see in many cities throughout the European Union.