The aspiration to transform humanity into an inter-planetary civilization and extend beyond the confines of low Earth orbit (LEO) has fundamentally reshaped the paradigm of human space exploration, amplifying the significance of space surgery. The extended periods of space travel intrinsic to lunar and Mars missions accentuates the probability of encountering various medical conditions that might necessitate surgical intervention. During extended missions, where a swift return to Earth is not feasible, in-flight medical treatment will be essential. Throughout prolonged space travel, potential health risks will encompass conditions that might necessitate either surgical intervention or alternative non-operative approaches. Within this domain, potential vascular surgery challenges also come into consideration. It is crucial to carefully study and understand the scientific literature discussing potential medical issues and emergencies in space. This foundational knowledge is essential for keeping the crew healthy, safe, and well during long space missions.