The purpose of this study is to compare recent research into the analysis of the interplay between fertility and economic growth. Using a sample of four countries, namely Italy, Japan, Hungary and China, this study systematically analyses the complex relationship between low fertility and economic development in terms of the dimensions of macroeconomic indicators, labour market, gender equality and family policies. Through empirical data and cross-country comparisons, the study reveals the deep logic of fertility behaviour that is influenced by the intertwined economic, cultural and institutional structures. The results of the study show that fertility changes exhibit obvious stage-specific characteristics and geographical differences.