Comparative Study of Physicochemical Properties and Multi-Elemental Composition of Malaysian Tualang Honey, Hungarian Acacia and Lime Honey

Abstract

Honey is a sweet natural product produced by bees (Apis mellifera) from tree or flower nectar. Climate and environmental conditions, as well as the number of plants harvested, all influence the composition of honey. Honey is made up of approximately 200 different ingredients, most of which are water and carbohydrates. In addition, enzymes, flavonoids, free amino acids, minerals, organic acids, phenolic acids, protein, vitamins, and other phytochemicals also widely found in honey. Honey's organoleptic, microbiological and physicochemical characteristics are the most important factors in determining its quality. This study aims to determine the physicochemical, quality parameters and multi-elemental composition of the honey source from two countries between Malaysian and Hungarian and the honey samples are Tualang, Acacia and Lime. In this study, the physicochemical parameters of flavonoid content, moisture content, electrical conductivity, total phenolic content, sugar content, pH, and multi-elemental contents (B, Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Al, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Sr, and Zn) are being examined.