IMMUNOTHERAPY FOR CANCER TREATMENT

Abstract

The past two decades have transformed cancer immunotherapy from an empirical experiment into a highly individualized, biologically informed paradigm. While clinical milestones like CAR-T cell therapy and tissue-agnostic approvals demonstrate unprecedented success, many patients still suffer from non-responsiveness, relapse, or severe toxicities. The primary obstacle remains the actively immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), making the eradication of "cold tumors" the next therapeutic frontier. To overcome this, combination strategies targeting the TME and multi-omics frameworks must replace the traditional one-size-fits-all model. Ultimately, the future of oncology depends on making personalized immunotherapy the standard of care by precisely understanding each patient's unique tumor landscape.