Pharmacogenetics and Personalized Cardiovascular Medicine: Evidence from Clopidogrel, Warfarin, and Statin Therapy

Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, and patients often respond differently to cardiovascular medications because of genetic variations. This thesis reviews the pharmacogenetics of three commonly used drugs clopidogrel, warfarin, and statins using evidence from major clinical trials and CPIC guidelines. It highlights how genetic testing can improve drug selection, optimize dosing, reduce adverse effects, and improve treatment outcomes. Although implementation in routine clinical practice still faces logistical challenges, advances in pre-emptive multi-gene testing, artificial intelligence, and polygenic risk scores have the potential to make personalized cardiovascular therapy a standard approach in the future.