Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric cancer, with significant improvements in treatment over the past 60 years resulting in a long-term survival rate exceeding 90% for childhood B-cell ALL. This progress is largely due to conventional chemotherapeutic agents and personalized treatment strategies. However, further enhancement of treatment outcomes is needed to increase survival rates closer to 100% while reducing adverse effects. Intensifying chemotherapy poses significant risks, necessitating innovative approaches. Advances in immunotherapy, molecular targeted therapies, and genomic sequencing herald a new era of precision medicine. This thesis explores the advances and challenges in childhood ALL treatment, focusing on immunotherapy, to provide an overview of new therapeutic agents and their potential to improve patient outcomes.