The Use of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanisms and Clinical Outcomes

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a progressive metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, declining β-cell function, and impaired glucose regulation, often associated with increased cardiovascular risk. GLP-1 receptor agonists have become an important class of antidiabetic drugs that improve glycemic control while addressing key cardiometabolic risk factors. They act by enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppressing glucagon release, delaying gastric emptying, and reducing appetite. These mechanisms result in improved HbA1c levels, weight reduction, and a low risk of hypoglycemia. Clinical evidence shows that certain GLP-1 receptor agonists also reduce major adverse cardiovascular events, particularly in patients with established cardiovascular disease. Overall, GLP-1 receptor agonists represent an effective therapeutic option in modern type 2 diabetes management due to their combined metabolic and cardiovascular benefits.