This research develops and validates a framework to understand the impact of Industry 4.0 integration in the food industry, emphasizing sustainability from economic, social, and environmental perspectives. It highlights how Industry 4.0 can enhance efficiency and effectiveness in the food sector while addressing associated challenges and opportunities. The study consists of five detailed chapters exploring both theoretical and practical aspects. The first chapter introduces the research topic, providing a comprehensive background and highlighting the research problem. It identifies research gaps and translates them into well-defined aims, objectives, and research questions, forming the foundational framework for the study. This chapter sets the stage for a holistic evaluation of research outcomes and fosters a profound understanding of the research landscape. The second chapter is dedicated to a thorough technical literature review, offering a comprehensive understanding of the research topic and previous contributions. It discusses the emergence of Industry 4.0, its research trajectory, and distinctive impacts. The chapter also explores literature on sustainability pillars and outlines sustainability into eight factors. Additionally, it introduces various Industry 4.0 adoption models and previous research on related technologies. The research conceptual framework is developed here, visually representing the constructs and hypothesized relationships. Research variables are defined, their appearances in prior literature reviewed, and their predictive roles in explaining Industry 4.0 adoption and its relationship with sustainability are examined. Finally, the research hypotheses are comprehensively presented and elucidated. Chapter three delves into the research materials and methodologies used in the study. It begins with an introduction to the research methodology, explaining the philosophical foundations and approach adopted. The chapter outlines the research design, including strategy, time horizon, data collection methods, research instruments, sample design, and measurement tools. Conducted within the food industries of Jordan, the research employs an online questionnaire to gather data. A robust dataset of 195 valid responses is collected and analyzed, forming the basis for the analysis, discussions, and conclusions drawn in the study. The fourth chapter provides a detailed exploration of data analysis and research findings using SPSS software. It involves data manipulation, transformation, and evaluation to derive meaningful insights addressing the research questions. The chapter starts by introducing the demographic profile of the sample, providing context regarding its composition. It evaluates the research instrument's validity and reliability using methods like Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). The suitability of the data for regression analysis is assessed through tests for normality, linearity, and multicollinearity. The research hypotheses are tested using Hierarchical Regression Analysis, with findings meticulously presented and discussed. These findings are synthesized with existing literature to foster a deeper understanding and draw insightful conclusions. The chapter also interprets research findings, providing nuanced insights that address the research objectives and answer the overarching research question. The fifth chapter offers a comprehensive overview of the principal conclusions and novel insights derived from the dissertation. It extends valuable recommendations for researchers, organizations, and policymakers based on the nuanced interpretation of the findings. Additionally, it suggests prospective avenues for future research to advance understanding in the field. The final chapter of the dissertation provides an in-depth analysis of the novel findings. The study's findings strongly encourage integrating Industry 4.0 capabilities within the food industry, highlighting its influence on sustainability performance and associated drivers and challenges. Elevated levels of Industry 4.0 capabilities present promising opportunities for fostering technology adoption and enhancing sustainability performance. However, firms must carefully weigh the challenges of Industry 4.0 adoption, recognizing their potential to significantly improve sustainability performance.