Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Pharmacology, and Strategy of Current Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia

Abstract

Tardive dyskinesia is a side effect of long-term use of antipsychotics. Until now, there has been 4 major hypotheses suggested for the etiology of TD and recommended pharmacological treatments related to these hypotheses. The best approaches for the treatment of TD are assessed by following the 4 major hypotheses and the related pharmacological treatments.