Pharmacological Modulation of Fear and Anxiety

Abstract

This thesis reviews the brain circuits and neurotransmitter systems involved in fear and anxiety. It explains how Pavlovian fear conditioning is used to study fear learning and extinction. Current treatments, including SSRIs, SNRIs, benzodiazepines, beta-blockers, and buspirone, are summarized with their main limitations. Emerging therapies such as D-cycloserine, ketamine, cannabinoids, losartan, and neurosteroids are also discussed. Overall, the thesis highlights the need for faster, safer, and more targeted treatments.