This thesis explores the modern treatment landscape for cholesterolemia, a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). It begins by outlining the pathophysiology of lipid metabolism and the role of LDL-C in plaque formation. Diagnostic advances such as ApoB, Lp(a), and coronary calcium scoring are discussed as tools for refined risk assessment. The work compares traditional lipid-lowering agents with modern therapies like PCSK9 inhibitors, inclisiran, and gene-based approaches. Emphasis is placed on personalized, risk-guided treatment strategies aligned with current ESC guidelines. The thesis also highlights the emerging role of lifestyle interventions, digital health tools, and AI in improving patient adherence and long-term outcomes.