Radiological contrast media are indispensable tools in diagnostic and therapeutic imaging, but they have the capacity to have certain negative consequences, especially in a certain group of vulnerable populations. The thesis aimed to emphasize the importance of understanding the underlying mechanisms of possible toxicological effects of contrast media and identifying suggested prevention and management protocols. It can be concluded that the essential components of safe imaging procedures are the correct choice of contrast agent, recognizing the patient’s risk factors, and taking preventive actions when needed. Even if the incidence of toxicological effects of radiological contrast media is relatively rare, further research focusing on the development of safer contrast agents with better safety profiles or unified guidelines to prevent adverse effects can be done. The advancement in understanding the toxicology of contrast media can help to optimize the use of essential diagnostic imaging tools and guarantee patient safety.