This thesis provides a comprehensive review of the role of pharmaceutical biotechnology in advancing cancer treatment, with a focus on precision oncology. It examines two principal therapeutic strategies: monoclonal antibodies, which enable targeted recognition of tumor-associated antigens, and gene-based therapies designed to enhance anti-tumor immune responses. Particular emphasis is placed on chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy, including its clinical success in hematological malignancies and ongoing research aimed at its application in solid tumors, as well as tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy. In addition, the thesis highlights the increasing importance of nanotechnology and nanoparticle-based delivery systems in improving therapeutic specificity and stability. Despite current limitations, such as high production costs and challenges in tumor penetration, these approaches demonstrate considerable potential. Overall, the findings underscore the transformative impact of biotechnological innovations in the development of personalized cancer therapies.