This thesis discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, diagnosis, staging, aetiology, classification and treatment of Non small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), specifically delving into the novel biological therapies being used and researched today. This thesis investigates the utilization of novel therapies, focusing on molecular targets such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), and newer ones like programmed death ligand 1 (PDL-1) inhibitors and Anti Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4). By examining established and newer targets, this thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of personalised medicine in NSCLC. It sheds light on the evolving landscape of cancer therapeutics, emphasizing the potential of tailored treatments involving molecular targeting and immunotherapy