Examining the Impact of Roma Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Segregation on Healthcare Access and Expenditure in Hungary

Abstract

This thesis explores healthcare disparities in Hungary, focusing on the socio-economic status (SES), geographical, and structural determinants of General Medical Practitioners (GMP). With Roma ethnicity as a potential influencing factor. Using data from 4818 GMPs, the first study found that SES factors like education and employment, rather than ethnicity, were the primary drivers of reimbursement variation. A second analysis of 4359 GMPs revealed higher healthcare utilization rates in segregated areas (SAs) but significantly lower outpatient, imaging, and medication reimbursement compared to complementary areas (CAs). Despite increased hospitalization costs in SAs, overall insurance spending remained lower. These findings underscore the importance of addressing SES-based inequities through targeted policies and systemic reforms to reduce healthcare inequalities and improve outcomes for marginalized populations.