Periodontal disease is a prevalent inflammatory condition that results in the degradation of the supporting structures of teeth and continues to be a significant cause of tooth loss in adults. Conventional periodontal therapy is capable of effectively managing infection and restricting the progression of the disease; however, it does not replenish the periodontal tissues that have been lost. This paper provides a structured literature review that analyzes the function of barrier membranes in guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and guided bone regeneration (GBR), with a specific emphasis on collagen-based membranes. The biological foundations, classifications, and clinical applications of both resorbable and non-resorbable membranes are critically assessed. The biocompatibility, bioactivity, favorable degradation profile, and reduced necessity for secondary surgical intervention are the primary characteristics of collagen membranes. The discussion also includes the role of emerging innovations, such as nanotechnology, biofunctionalized designs, and crosslinking techniques, in enhancing the predictability of regenerative processes and the quality of clinical outcomes in contemporary periodontology.