In 1972 historic Alfred Crosby published a book named "Columbian Exchange", in which he described the concept of the Columbian Exchange. Crosby's ideas were later developed by Charles Mann in a book “1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created”, which was published in 2011. The essence of the concept of "Columbian Exchange" is the influence of the discovery of the American continent on the mutual exchange between Eurasian and African continents in ecology, environment, culture, agricultural practices, and even the medical factor (mutual exchange of diseases, including rare ones). With the discovery of America, from the so-called New World, many types of plants and animals came to Europe, the Old World, which radically transformed the European diet, displaced many biological species in the biocenosis and amended the usual methods of cultivation of crops and raising livestock. In this thesis, I would like to point out the aspects of the Columbian Exchange that have given less recognition. The particular attention will be paid to less researched, but very important aspect such as biological exchange of food crops and their impact on a modern person’s diet.