Oral candidiasis is a common opportunistic fungal infection, mainly caused by Candida albicans, that develops when the balance between the oral microbiome and host immunity is disturbed. This thesis is a structured literature review analyzing its epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, and especially the major risk factors associated with the disease. The prevalence is significantly higher in high-risk groups such as infants, denture wearers, elderly individuals, diabetic patients, and immunocompromised patients. The main conclusion is that oral candidiasis results from the interaction of microbial virulence and biofilm formation with local, systemic, behavioral, and iatrogenic risk factors. The study also addresses antifungal resistance, clinical classification, management strategies, and existing gaps in current knowledge.