Obesity and its pharmacotherapy
Absztrakt
Obesity is a worldwide heath problem that is associated with significant complications, social problem and increased mortality. Obesity is defined as excess of body fat that may have negative influence on heath. it is a multifactorial problem and associated with many conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus, sleep apnea, gallbladder disease, reproductive system diseases both in men and women, gastroesophageal reflux, osteoarthritis, social and psychological problems and some type of cancer. Despite the best efforts of health care systems to control obesity epidemic, the currently available anti-obesity medications are very limited. Many anti-obesity agents such as ephedrine, mazindol, Phenylpropanolamine, Fenfluramine/Dexfenfluramine, amphetamines, rimonabant, and most lately sibutramine have been withdrawn from the market due to their poor efficacy and/or safety issues. Increased physical activity and healthy diet are the first approach in obesity managements. Pharmacotherapy is recommended for those who have body mass index higher than 30 or (27 with comorbidities). Surgical intervention is considered as a last option in controlling obesity, which is the most effective way currently. The current pharmacotherapies in obesity are targeting caloric intake reduction (appetite suppressants), limiting fat absorption (Orlistat) or induce energy expenditure and thermogenesis ( e.g. caffeine). At present drugs that are available in the U.S. market are Orlistat (Xenical®), Phentermine, Amfepramone (Diethlpropion) and Fluoxetine. Lorcaserin (Belviq), PHEN/TPM-ER combination (Qsymia), and Bupropion/Naltrexone (Contrave) have been approved recently and they are assume to be promising and safe. Admitting that these drugs can clinically induce weight loss when used as mono-therapy, however the use of anti-obesity agents as adjunctive therapy with intensive lifestyle modification is the most successful strategy. Close-follow up with blood glucose level and blood pressure monitoring is important in patients taken anti-obesity medications. The aims of weight loss are to improve well-being and physical health.