This thesis provides a comprehensive overview of anti-VEGF therapy in ophthalmology, highlighting its central role in managing neovascular and exudative retinal diseases such as nAMD, DR, DME, and RVO. It delves into the molecular biology of VEGF, the mechanisms of action and pharmacological profiles of current anti-VEGF agents, and their clinical applications. Despite their success, these therapies face limitations including frequent intravitreal injections, variable patient responses, and socioeconomic barriers. The thesis also explores emerging strategies such as long-acting delivery systems, gene therapy, and combination treatments targeting multiple pathways. By addressing current challenges and future directions, this work emphasizes the ongoing evolution and potential of anti-VEGF therapy in optimizing patient outcomes.