Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a prevalent form of lung cancer and a significant cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. It constitutes approximately 80-85% of all lung cancer cases. Diagnosis of NSCLC entails imaging studies and biopsy procedures to assess the tumour's size, location, and extent. Subsequently, the disease is staged based on various criteria, including the scope of local invasion, regional lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis. Chemotherapy remains a cornerstone of NSCLC treatment, and platinum-based combination regimens are the most widely used. Targeted therapy is a rapidly developing field that exploits specific genetic alterations or protein overexpression in tumour cells as therapeutic targets, with drugs targeting EGFR, ALK, and ROS1 mutations showing efficacy in patients with these alterations. Immune checkpoint inhibitors represent a recent advance in the treatment of NSCLC. These drugs enhance the anti-tumour immune response by blocking inhibitory signals on immune cells, leading to a more robust immune response against cancer cells. The pharmacotherapy of NSCLC has undergone substantial advancement in recent years, with the introduction of targeted therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors offering promising new avenues for treatment. However, considering the patient’s and tumour's unique characteristics, a personalised treatment approach is crucial for maximising therapeutic benefit and minimizing toxicity.