Bonding techniques in orthodontics

Abstract

This thesis explores the evolution, classification, materials, and clinical applications of orthodontic bonding techniques. The core of the study contrasts direct and indirect bonding techniques, analysing their effectiveness, accuracy, and clinical implications. Special attention is given to bonding materials such as bracket types (stainless steel, ceramic, lingual, self-ligating, etc.), adhesives (resin, RMGICs, and compomers) and enamel surface treatments like phosphoric acid etching and sandblasting. Contemporary bonding methods for aligner systems and their attachment protocols were also discussed. The study concludes by highlighting ongoing innovations, including 3D-printed custom brackets, biomimetic surface treatments, and smart, bioactive adhesives that enhance treatment outcomes and minimize enamel damage.