This thesis provides a comprehensive review of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and their potential applications in regenerative dentistry. DPSCs are mesenchymal stem cells derived from the neural crest and isolated from dental pulp tissue, most commonly from third molars or deciduous teeth. Due to their high proliferative capacity, multilineage differentiation potential, and immunomodulatory properties, DPSCs have emerged as promising candidates for regenerative therapies in dentistry and craniofacial medicine.

The thesis first discusses the biological characteristics of DPSCs, including their isolation methods, surface marker expression, and differentiation capabilities. Particular emphasis is placed on their osteogenic, chondrogenic, and neurogenic potential, as well as the signaling pathways involved in lineage commitment, such as Wnt/β-catenin, BMP, PI3K/Akt, MAPK, and TGF-β/Smad pathways. Their immunomodulatory functions are also examined, highlighting their ability to regulate inflammatory responses and promote tissue healing through paracrine signaling and interaction with immune cells.

The clinical relevance of DPSCs is explored in several key areas of regenerative dentistry. These include pulp–dentin complex regeneration, periodontal tissue regeneration, bone tissue engineering, and whole-tooth regeneration. Current preclinical and early clinical studies demonstrate promising outcomes in tissue formation, vascularization, and functional restoration. However, challenges remain, including donor variability, lack of standardized protocols, scaffold optimization, regulatory considerations, and limited long-term clinical data.

The thesis concludes that DPSCs represent a significant advancement in regenerative dentistry, offering the potential to shift clinical practice from traditional replacement therapies toward true biological regeneration. Continued research, technological innovation, and well-designed clinical trials are essential to ensure safe and effective translation into routine dental practice.