Qualitative assessment of Haemonchus contortus infection in small ruminant flocks in Hungary: prevalence and diagnostic study

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Among the many gastro-intestinal nematode (GIN) parasites that can affect small ruminants, the family of Trichostrongylidae is very important and out of which Haemonchus contortus has established itself to be the most dangerous and clinically important species. A severely affected animal can harbour up to 5000 worms inside it and this can lead to the continual loss of about 250 ml of blood daily, which is fatal. A recent study in the EU estimated a production loss of 81% and 19% to treatment out of a total € 1.8 billion annual expenditure due to haemonchosis. Despite this, the specific diagnosis of the parasite, from the Trichostrongylidae family, is difficult using the conventional copromicroscopic tools wherein a correct diagnosis is crucial for sustainable control. Also, the parasite has been reported in almost all the EU nations however, very limited published reports are available for Hungary. The present study analysed n=16 farms located in 5 different counties in Eastern and Central Hungary. Out of these farms, n=14 were sheep farms; 1 goat farm and a village where roe deers were hunted. Faecal samples were collected from individual animals and the faecal egg count (FEC) data using the Mini-FLOTAC technique were obtained from another larger study. The present study found out n=12 sheep farms, the goat farm as well and the roe deer all had a positive result for H. contortus. Another aspect of the study was the design and development of two isothermal amplification tools as a proof of concept for a reliable farm site diagnosis of the parasite. Firstly, a Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) and another LAMP-lateral flow (LAMP-LF) assay for the qualitative detection of H. contortus from the faecal samples of ruminant flocks were successfully designed. These two LAMP assays allow visual detection to the unaided eyes without compromising the specificity and sensitivity. The analytical sensitivity is determined to be 2.5 x 10-4 ng/μl of DNA template. Secondly, a Recombinase Polymerase Assay (RPA) technique was also successfully designed with an analytical sensitivity of 0.1 ng/μl DNA template. This study also would like to register two preliminary findings: i) that the post-amplification clean-up for the RPA amplicons could be eliminated without any significant loss in analytical sensitivity, and ii) a colourimetric change detection using some commonly DNA intercalating dyes (such as Eva Green and SYBR Green dyes) is possible. Besides these assays, the study also optimised a centrifuge-free crude DNA extraction method, adapted using the Fill-FLOTAC apparatus, a magnetic beads DNA extraction kit and a motorised micropestle for egg disintegration. This crude DNA extraction from the eggs ‘obtained’ from the Fill-FLOTAC apparatus is significant for a true farm-site molecular diagnostic kit. In conclusion, the study proved the presence of the H. contortus parasite in Hungary with preliminary gene sequencing findings using three isolates showing distinct lineages. Nevertheless, a more detailed epidemiological study, an in-depth phylogenetic analysis using sequencing of both ITS2 and nad4 genes and improvement in the isothermal assay by incorporating quantitative data are all highly recommended.

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Kulcsszavak
Haemonchus contortus, isothermal amplification assay, LAMP, RPA, Mini-FLOTAC, Hungary, sheep
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