This study examines how technology and institutional quality shape productivity growth across OECD countries using a sectoral approach over the period 2007–2017. Productivity is proxied by GDP per person employed, while technology is captured through ICT-related indicators including internet access in schools, availability of the latest technologies, and foreign direct investment (FDI) and technology transfer. Institutional quality is represented by property rights. The analysis integrates industry heterogeneity by applying three complementary taxonomies: (i) skill intensity (high-skilled to low-skilled sectors), (ii) innovation taxonomy (nine industry groups), and (iii) R&D intensity (high to low technology manufacturing). Empirically, the study employs dynamic panel estimation using two-step GMM to address endogeneity, simultaneity, and dynamic persistence in productivity. Results show that ICT and institutions are associated with productivity growth in a differentiated manner across sectors. Internet access in schools is generally positively related to productivity in skill-based industries and is mostly positive across innovation groups, while its effects are weaker and often insignificant across R&D intensity groups. The availability of the latest technologies is partially positive and sometimes significant in skill-intensive sectors but tends to be negative or mixed in innovation and R&D intensity taxonomies. FDI and technology transfer display heterogeneous and mostly weak effects across taxonomies. Property rights show the strongest and most robust positive association with productivity growth, particularly in the skill taxonomy, while remaining generally positive but less consistent in the other classifications. Overall, the findings indicate that productivity gains depend on both technology diffusion and institutional foundations, and their impacts vary substantially by sectoral structure, highlighting the importance of targeted policy design.