Effect of tillage practices, fertilizer treatments and crop rotation on yield of maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids
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This research was conducted at the University of Debrecen Látókép Research Station and is part of an ongoing long-term polyfactorial experiment. The impact of three tillage systems (Mouldboard plowing-MT, Strip tillage-ST, Ripper tillage-RT) and two levels of fertilizer treatments (N 80 kg ha -1 , N 160 kg ha -1 ) along with a control (N 0 kg ha -1 ) on the yield of maize hybrids (Armagnac- FAO 490 & Loupiac-FAO 380) cultivated in rotation with winter wheat was evaluated during a two-year period (2017–2018). Amongst the three tillage treatments evaluated, ripper tillage (RT) had the highest average yield (10.14 t ha -1 ) followed by mouldboard tillage (MT) and strip tillage (ST) with 9.84 and 9.21 t ha -1 respectively. Yield difference between RT and MT was not significant (P>0.05), as compared to ST (P<0.05). Soil moisture content varied significantly with tillage practices and was highest in ST, followed by RT and MT (ST>RT>MT). Yield of RT was 7–9% higher than MT in monoculture plots, while MT reign superior in biculture plots (monoculture: RT>MT>ST; biculture: MT>RT>ST). A positive interaction between tillage and fertilization was observed, with higher yield variation (CV=40.70) in the non-fertilized (N 0 ) plots, compared to those which received the N 80 (CV=19.50) and N 160 kg ha -1 (CV=11.59) treatments. Incremental yield gain from increase fertilizer dosages was significantly higher in monoculture, compared to biculture. There was no significant difference in yield between N 160 and N 80 in the biculture plots (12.29 vs 12.02 t ha -1 ). However, in monoculture plots, N 160 yield was 23% higher than the N 80 kg ha -1 (N 160 =11.74 vs N 80 =9.56 t ha -1 ). Mean yield of maize in rotation with winter wheat was 28% (2.47 tons) higher than monoculture maize. The greatest benefit of crop rotation was observed in the control plots (N 0 ) with an incremental yield gain of 4.39 tons ha -1 over monculture maize (9.92 vs 5.43 t ha -1 ). Yield increased with higher fertilizer dosages in irrigated plots. Fertilizer application greatly increased the yield of maize and accounted for 48.9% of yield variances. The highest yield (11.92 t ha -1 ) was obtained with N 160 kg ha -1 treatment, followed by N 80 kg ha -1 (10.38 t ha -1 ) and N 0 kg ha -1 (6.89 t ha -1 ) respectively. Overall mean yield difference between the two hybrids was not statistically significant, however, yield of FAO 380 was 3.9% higher (9.06 vs. 8.72 t ha -1 ) than FAO 490 in monoculture plots, while in biculture plots, FAO 490 was 4.1% higher than FAO 380. Average yield in 2018 was 13.6% (1.24 t ha -1 ) higher than 2017 for the same set of agrotechnical inputs, thus, highlighting the significant effect of cropyear. Armagnac (FAO 490) cultivated in rotation with winter wheat, under ripper tillage and N 80 kg ha -1 is the best combination of treatments for optimum yield.