The transition from linear production models to a circular economy has become a strategic priority for resource-intensive industries, particularly in emerging economies. This study investigates the effects of green technology adaptation on circular economy performance in the mining sector of Mongolia, with a specific focus on the mediating role of green innovation. Drawing on the resource-based view, a conceptual model is developed in which green technology adaptation functions as the exogenous construct, circular economy performance as the endogenous outcome, and green innovation as a mediating mechanism. Using a quantitative, cross-sectional research design, primary data were collected from managers of 30 major mining organizations in Mongolia. The hypotheses were tested using partial least squares structural equation modeling. The results indicate that green technology adaptation has a significant positive effect on circular economy performance and green innovation. Green innovation also exhibits a significant positive relationship with circular economy performance and partially mediates the relationship between green technology adaptation and circular outcomes. These findings highlight that the effectiveness of green technologies is substantially enhanced when supported by innovation-oriented organizational practices. The study contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence from a previously underexplored national and sectoral context and offers practical implications for policymakers and industry leaders seeking to improve sustainability performance in the mining sector through integrated technological and innovative strategies.