This thesis reviews the pharmacological management of inflammatory diseases by comparing traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with novel targeted anti-inflammatory agents. It outlines key inflammatory pathways and mediators, including cyclo-oxygenase-derived prostaglandins and major cytokine signaling networks. NSAIDs are discussed in terms of mechanical of action, clinical indications, and limitations related to gastrointestinal, renal and cardiovascular adverse effects. The thesis then summarizes newer therapies such as biological targeting TNF-alpha and interleukin pathways, as well as Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors. Their benefits in disease control and prevention of structural damage are contrasted with safety considerations, monitoring requirements, and cost. Overall, NSAIDs remain first line for acute pain and short term inflammatory symptoms, whereas targeted therapies are preferred for chronic immune mediated diseases requiring sustained disease modification.