The following diploma work introduces the topic of nanomedicine and focuses on the innovative use of nano-sized drug delivery systems called nanoplatforms for treating various types of cancer. The aim is to use research from peer-reviewed and relevant scientific journal articles from the last decade to review the use of nanoplatforms in chemotherapeutics. Recently, the number of nanoplatform types applied in research and clinical use has increased, differentiating in shape, size, application and nomenclature. Several major nanoplatform designs will be reviewed in detail, including its advantages and disadvantages and the challenges faced in attaining clinical status. Nanoplatform classification based on nanomaterial composition will be discussed and how pre-determined design of nanoplatforms can better suite specific types of cancer targeting mechanisms (ex. passive or active targeting, tumour microenvironment, hyperacidity). Finally, each nanoplatform reviewed will be compared to the “classical”, most-established nanoplatform: liposomes; to determine if recently developed nanoplatforms can be equally successful in the clinical setting.