ABSTRACT Thyroid cancer is one of the most common endocrine tumors in the community, and it has been on the rise for several decades. The disease is categorized into four subtypes of cancer: papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic thyroid cancer, each of which is treated differently. Although surgery and radioactive iodine therapy remain the primary treatments for differentiated thyroid cancer, patients with advanced or refractory illness require innovative pharmaceutical medications. The pharmacological treatment of thyroid cancer has increasingly expanded to include targeted, chemotherapy, and hormone replacement. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as sorafenib, lenvatinib, and cabozantinib, have demonstrated encouraging benefits in metastatic or progressing thyroid cancer. Furthermore, molecular targeted medicines such as BRAF, RET, and MEK inhibitors have altered the therapeutic landscape by presenting prospective personalized treatment alternatives. Immunotherapy is a new field that could help overcome drug resistance and enhance patient outcomes. However, there are still other issues, including as the emergence of drug resistance, hazardous effects, and the need for long-term efficacy trials. Current research efforts are focused on optimizing combination therapy, identifying new molecular pathways, and applying artificial intelligence to medication design and treatment decision making. Many clinical trials are still underway to test the safety and efficacy of new medications, which could lead to improved treatment in the near future.