Nanomedicine has emerged as a revolutionary approach in cancer therapy, offering precise drug delivery, reduced systemic toxicity, and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. This thesis explores the role of nanotechnology in targeted cancer treatment, focusing on passive and active targeting mechanisms, as well as stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems. By leveraging the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, passive targeting enables nanoparticles to accumulate in tumor tissues, while active targeting utilizes functionalized ligands to improve cellular uptake and treatment specificity. Furthermore, triggered release systems, including pH-sensitive, enzyme-responsive, and thermoresponsive nanoparticles, provide controlled drug release, maximizing therapeutic outcomes while minimizing damage to healthy tissues.

Despite these advancements, several challenges hinder the clinical translation of nanomedicine, including nanoparticle biodistribution, long-term toxicity, immune system interactions, and large-scale manufacturing limitations. This thesis also examines ongoing clinical trials and regulatory considerations, highlighting the progress and hurdles in integrating nanomedicine into mainstream oncology.

Through a comprehensive review of current research and experimental findings, this study contributes to the growing field of nanomedicine by identifying key opportunities for improving nanoparticle-based therapies. The insights gained from this research not only enhance our understanding of cancer nanomedicine but also underscore its potential in personalized medicine. As nanotechnology continues to evolve, future advancements in artificial intelligence-driven nanoparticle design, multifunctional nanocarriers, and immuno-nanomedicine are expected to further revolutionize cancer treatment, paving the way for safer, more effective, and patient-specific therapeutic strategies.