The classification and the therapy of musculoskeletal disorders

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Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) have a wrong dichotomy in a passive mechanical form--a mechanical “wear and tear.” Nowadays, it has been shown that they are sustained along dynamic pathobiochemical pathways such as NF-κB-mediated inflammation and extracellular matrix fragmentation via matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and oxidative stress on bone, cartilage, tendon, and skeletal muscles.The goal is to merge various mechanisms of inflammatory processes for diverse MSDs -- osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, sarcopenia and tendinopathy -- from the level of molecular biology. I also aim here to review a pharmacologic mechanism in the treatment of these conditions. This review will detail the efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of both new therapeutic paradigms and then summarize the pharmacognostic evolutionary steps of these, starting with ethnobotanical initiation, leading up to synthetic drugs. Medications such as allopathic (NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and targeted biologic DMARDs) provide unparalleled fast analgesia and acute disease suppression with high-affinity, single target inhibition effect. Systemic toxicities and iatrogenic effects vary widely by dose and restrict their chronic use, however. On the other hand, these standardized species (Curcuma longa, Boswellia serrata, and Withania somnifera) exhibit pleiotropy. They also have a dual anti-inflammatory action against different inflammatory pathways (COX, 5- LOX, NF-κB) eventually also have this drug-sparing drug effect as well, due to their much superior chronic safety profile with a lower toxicity; however their delayed course, and possibly more associated with a potential for cytochrome P450 interaction are drawbacks. MSDs with a course of progressive disease will not respond to monotherapy. I presented an evidence-based, synergistic pharmacological model as an integrative, pharmaceutical solution for this thesis. By maximizing the effectiveness of synthetic agents to promote remission and treatment of acute flares, and transitioning to new high-grade, standardized botanical modulators to maintain physiological maintenance, clinicians can work toward the biochemical levers for joint and muscle disease, by eliminating the biochemical drive forces behind these diseases and utilizing synthetic properties for the long term benefit of treatment and the most efficient longevity.

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Musculoskeletal Disorders, Biochemistry, Treatments
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