Neuroplasticity is the brain’s remarkable ability to adapt its structure and function in response to internal and external stimuli, playing a critical role in learning, memory and recovery from injury. This thesis explores the molecular, structural and pharmacological underpinnings of neuroplasticity, while emphasizing how the glutaminergic and serotoninergic systems influence brain remodeling. Pivotal aspects of neuroplasticity include long term potentiation, long term depression, neurogenesis and changes in the brain’s connectome, all of which can be modulated for therapeutic purposes. This thesis also explores maladaptive forms of neuroplasticity, which occur through similar processes but in the wrong context and hence can potentiate diseases such as post-traumatic stress disorder and neurodegenerative processes. It also delves into how excitotoxicity and oxidative stress are the main culprits of a multitude of neuropsychiatric conditions and how modulating neuroplastic processes can open up therapeutic windows to prevent and potentially reverse these adverse changes. Finally, it addresses the ethical and clinical implications of emerging neuro-technologies and pharmacological interventions aimed at harnessing or redirecting neural plasticity.