This thesis examines the complex relationship between inequality, poverty, and economic growth, focusing on Vietnam as a case study. The thesis begins by reviewing theoretical frameworks for measuring and analysing inequality and poverty, along with their economic and social consequences. The study then focuses on Vietnam as a case study from the pre-globalisation era to the current economic context. Through empirical analysis, the study highlights Vietnam’s paradoxical growth - reducing poverty while exacerbating inequality, especially along the urban-rural divide. Key factors contributing to this situation include disparities in education, land tenure, and vulnerabilities due to climate change. The paper concludes with policy recommendations to promote inclusive economic growth and reduce inequality.