Pharmacological intervention of COVID-19 induced cytokine storm

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COVID-19 infection can cause heterogenous course of disease; from mild asymptomatic upper respiratory infection to life threatening hyperinflammatory state, so called cytokine storm. The COVID-19 cytokine storm progressively deteriorates patients into states of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multiple organ failure (MOF) with high mortality rate. Based on the amount of cytokine, cytokine storm is divided into mild drizzle of cytokines, severe cytokine storm, and critical hurricane CRS, and each phase differ in severity and mortality.Particularly, pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g IL-6, Il-2, TNF-α, IFN-γ) and lymphopenia are noticeable in patients with COVID-19. Several cohort studies have shown that some cytokine inhibitors such as tocilizumab or baricitinib improved the clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Potent pharmacological interventions, such as glucocorticoids, anti-malarial agents, cytokine monoclonal antibodies, and chemokine inhibitors have been studied in COVID-19 patients as well. This thesis presents general pharmacokinetics, rationale mechanism for COVID-19, indications, current case study result, and adverse effects of each drug.

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Covid-19, cytokine storm, immunomodulatory drugs, hyper inflammatory states, ARDS, MOF, pro-inflammatory cytokines
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