This thesis explores the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of periodontal disease, particularly chronic periodontitis. miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and play key roles in inflammation, immune response, and tissue homeostasis. The study highlights specific miRNAs such as miR-146a, miR-155, and miR-21, which are significantly dysregulated in periodontitis and closely linked to disease severity. Through a systematic review of current literature, the thesis identifies their potential as non-invasive biomarkers in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid. It also examines the therapeutic potential of miRNA mimics and inhibitors, especially in combination with existing treatments. Personalized treatment strategies based on miRNA profiling are proposed to enhance clinical outcomes. The research underscores the promise of miRNA-based diagnostics and therapies in transforming periodontal disease management.