Ethnographica et Folkloristica Carpathica (DE-journals)
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Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető Kulturerbe oder Kriegsspuren? Ein Fallbeispiel vom Vergessen bis zur Erinnerung und ’Patrimonisierung’(2020-09-10) Marinka, MelindaIm Beitrag wurde die Erinnerung an das Zwangsarbeitslager in Tiszalök (Oberen Theißgebiet, Ungarn) im gesellschaftlichen, historischen und ethnischen Kontext dargestellt. Als erster Schritt wird die Frage gestellt, ob man von Kulturerbe oder einfach von Kriegsspuren sprechen kann, wenn man die mit dem Krieg zusammenhängenden Gegebenheiten erforscht. Nach dem theoretischen Einleitung über Begriffe Erinnerung, Vergessen und Patrimonisierung gibt die Autorin eine kurze historische Überblick über die Zeit nach der Auflösung von Zwangsarbeitslagern. Dann wurde das Zwangsarbeitslager in der Gemeinde Tiszalök nicht nur aus der Perspektive der ungarndeutschen Erinnerungskultur in den Blick nehmen, sonder auch aus der Perspektive einer Frau, die nicht zur imaginierten/erfundenen ungarndeutschen Gemeinschaft gehörte, dargestellt wurde. Durch einen Erinnerungsstück aus Tiszalök und durch die Lebensgeschichte dieser Frau wurde Vergessenheit als Fähigkeit zum Überleben, und Gegenstände aus dem Lager als Teil der Patrimonisierung interpretiert.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető Interpretation of Strangeness and its Impact on the Local Society in Beregdéda, Transcarpathia(2023-09-25) Kohut-Ferki, JuliannaMy work focuses on the different patterns of experiencing strangeness. Based on my ethnographic fieldwork in Beregdéda, Transcarpathia, Ukraine, I try to reflect on why the articulation of strangeness becomes necessary, and how does the appearance of the stranger modify, erode, rebuild or create symbolic boundaries between the Hungarian-Ukrainian-Gypsy ethnic groups living together. At the time of the fieldwork, in spring 2015, the Ukrainian-Russian war conflict provided a breeding ground for stereotypical perceptions of ethnicity, while the appearance of the stranger tourist also led to the strengthening of the relationship between Ukrainians, Hungarians and Gypsies in the local society, and to the formation of a united front. The understanding of the stranger is constantly changing in line with the various regional and global cultural and economic processes and is formulated with individual interests in mind.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető Folklore, Nichtmenschliche Tiere und Sozialdarwinismus(2023-09-25) Mathur, Nidhi; Ray, Shailesh KumarDer vorliegende Artikel befasst sich mit der kritischen Ananlyse der ausgewählten Grimms Märchen im Zusammenhang mit Sozialdarwinismus. Zunächst wird einen kurzen Überblick über den Begriff und seinen historischen Hintergrund zur Verfügung gestellt. Des Weiteren beschäftigt sich dieser Artikel mit verschiedenen Ideen, die die DenkerInnen des Sozialdarwinismus im Laufe der Zeit verwendet und präsentiert haben. Danach wird der Artikel den Zusammenhang zwischen Sozialdarwinismus und Grimms Märchen darstellen. Des Weiteren werde wir die ausgewählten Märchen ein nach dem anderen im Kontext von Sozialdarwinismus betrachten. Die zur Analyse herangezogenen Märchen der Gebrüder Grimm umfassen: Der Fuchs und die Katze, Der Wolf und der Fuchs, Der Zaunkönig und der Bär. Die ausgewählten Märchen werden in diesem Artikel durch die Linse der theriozentrisch-animalistischen Perspektive betrachtet, da die anthropozentrische Leseart Märchentiere nur im Bezug auf den ‘Charaktermasken menschlicher Eigenschaften‘ zur Verfügung stellt, werden daher die Märchentiere zum ‚Verschwinden‘ gezwungen. Dieser Artikel argumentiert, dass Grimms Märchen Antithese zu Überleben des Stärkeren sind.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető Diversity of Knowledge Concerning Geographical Areas Based on Surveys Conducted in Institutions of Primary Education in Hungary(2023-09-25) Lupfer-Juhász, EszterMy study will discuss the Hungarian public education system, more specifically, the knowledge about and the measurement of the concept of geographical areas as they appear in the subject Hon- és népismeret [approximately: Our Homeland and Its People(s)] in the Hungarian primary education system. The cultural landscape formed by human activity is an important part of Hon- és népismeret education, which also includes knowledge of spatiality, ethnographic geographical areas and maps. In my research, I was interested what students taking Hon- és népismeret courses think and know about geographical areas; moreover, if they can use maps and place major Hungarian and ethnographic geographical areas (provinces) on blind maps. In my search, I have conducted a survey among students learning Hon- és népismeret in primary schools in Debrecen with the aim of measuring their knowledge of geographical areas and ethnographic geographical areas, especially related to the use of maps. So, in my study, I present all the tasks of the survey and the students’ answers. Furthermore, I describe the method used during the survey and the data processing.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető Informelle Gruppe der Ungarn in der multikulturellen, urbanen Kultur von Berlin(2023-09-25) Valnerné Török, EszterDie Minderheitengruppen hinterlassen ihre Spuren im Kulturleben der Städte und eine wichtige Aufgabe der Wissenschaft ist es, diese Spuren aufzuspüren und zu dokumentieren. Die Bildung ethnischer Gemeinschaften aus Eigeninitiative wird intensiv erforscht und die ethnischen Gruppen spielen eine immer größere Rolle in der Repräsentation der Städte. Die vorliegende Studie gibt einen kurzen Einblick in eine Forschungsarbeit, die ein Beispiel der ethnischen Gemeinschaftsorganisation im urbanen Raum einer Großstadt zeigt und dokumentiert. Im Mittelpunkt dieser Forschungsarbeit steht eine informelle Gruppe der Ungarn in Berlin, der Berliner Szalon, der schon auf eine 50jährige Geschichte zurückblickt. Nach einem kurzen Exkurs über die Geschichte der Salonkultur in Berlin werden die historischen Wurzeln des Berliner Szalons beschrieben. Im zweiten Teil dieser Studie werden einige Ergebnisse einer Online-Befragung im Publikum des Berliner Szalons dargestellt. Wichtige Zielsetzung der Datenerhebung war, die Motivationsfaktoren und Attitüde der Salongäste beim Besuch der Salonabende zu ermitteln und die Meinung des Publikums über die Salonveranstaltungen herauszufinden.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető New Challenges and Situation of an Ethnic Minority within a Local Community in the Light of Social Changes(2023-09-25) Kormányos Katona, GyöngyiOur memory is largely shaped by the way we look at the peoples currently living within the Carpathian Basin. Once a well-known tobacco-growing village in Historic Hungary, Torda (also known as Torontáltorda in Hungarian) is now a dispersed settlement with a Hungarian ethnic majority located in the Banat region of Vojvodina, Serbia. The shifting of national borders, the two World Wars, the events of the Yugoslav Wars and migratory movements have collectively changed and decimated the lives of Hungarians who had found themselves outside their motherland’s borders after the 1920s. In spite of the decline in population, the emigration of young people, and the everyday struggles resulting from hard living conditions, this village in the Central Banat district could attract further socio-ethnographic interest. In the micro-communities of rural settlements, education and religion play a key role in creating social value, maintaining Hungarian culture in the area and forming a national, local sense of identity within the community. Commemorative rituals, local traditions and national holidays often cross each others’ paths and blend together through education and religion, highlighting the reality and cultural values of the community, as well as the array of connections between community life and ethnic culture. This study discusses Torda’s present in the light of social change and the process of cultural mapping, touching on the importance of the local cultural association in the community’s life. This study also explores the events of the past few decades that have left a deep imprint on the micro-community’s life in a cultural, social and ethnic sense.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető Changing Economic Strategies in the Ecsed Marsh(2023-09-25) Zoltán-Borzován, EszterThe Ecsed Swamp was formed in the New Holocene Era in the lowest areas of Nyírség and Szatmár Plains. Besides the protective nature of the swamp, it was a significant source of livelihood for the local population – loach fish collecting (csikász), bird hunting and egg collecting (pákász) were the main occupations of the “swamp people”. The Ecsed Swamp, which once covered almost 432 km 2 was drained at the end of the 19 th century that caused significant changes in everyday life and farming. The inhabitants of the so-called “Loach land” (Csíkország) tried to dig up and cultivate marshy areas even before the drainage. Burning, cutting and cleaning were already known among the swamp people, since this was the only way to carry out farming activities in this area. In their frustration the swamp people effected by the drainage tried to obtain land for cultivation. They worked on the lands purchased by the Károlyi noble family. More prosperous ones also built farms on the border of the neighbouring villages, thus the process of homesteading began. In the 21 st century, the cultivation of agricultural land in the area of former swamps is causing significant problems since water shortage is now characteristic towhole Europe. Reedfires in the former swamp areais a phenomenon that exists to this day. With the transformation of landscape and ways of farming and living, the need to apply different economic strategies arose, which I will discuss t in my research study with case studies from the 19 th and 21 st centuries.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető Posthumous Culture of Montenegrins on a Timeline between Past and Present(2023-09-25) Medojevic, MilenaMontenegro is a country with a valuable and long tradition of everything related to life, especially death. Posthumous culture is remarkably detailed and significant for the people, most importantly in the earlier period when it represented the only foundation that held society together in difficult historical moments. This type of partially morbid way of self-expression of people has its roots in the deep and troubled past, often difficult and cruel to the inhabitants of Montenegro. The attention was pointed at the many traditional aspects, unwritten rules, and customs different from place to place, but in general, preserving the same function. From the type of clothes for the deceased, the eulogies uttered at the gravesite, to the male and female roles at the commemorations – the article handles the typical funeral processes. The aim of this paper is to acquaint the reader with the manner of behaviour of the Montenegrins towards the phenomenon that occurs when a person in the community dies and how a typical family handles the situation. For the sake of the research, interviews with two subjects providing their own perspectives were conducted. The significance of the study is personified by the sometimes contradictory stances of the people on death and the inevitable merging of secular and religious life.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető Functional Sites of “Sites of Memory” in Hungarian-Chinese Bilingual School in Budapest(2023-09-25) Liu, MengTétel Szabadon hozzáférhető Folk Dress Revitalization as a Component of Language Revitalization(2023-09-25) Król, TymoteuszAlthough the main goal of language revitalization is keeping a language alive, the expression of ethnic identity and belonging is not exclusively limited to the linguistic phenomenon. In the case of Vilamovians – a small ethnic group living in the town of Wilamowice on the border of Upper Silesia and Lesser Poland, language revitalization has been supported by a group of people wearing the Vilamovian folk dress. This was accompanied by greater engagement of young people learning the Wymysorys language as well to other elements of Vilamovian culture, including the folk dress. In this case revitalization does not mean copying old patterns, but reviving its importance for local community. The Vilamovian folk dress is not limited to the costume of local dance ensemble, it is crucial for ethnic belonging of Vilamovians. The patterns, styles or words (in the case of the language) were less important for them. The reconstructed elements or even whole sets of dress, e.g. the mourning dress, different types of wedding dress and the whole male dress do differ from the historical ones. The ethnographers should not criticize this situation, as it used to be in the past, but focus on their choices and motivations connected to their ethnic belonging. In this text, I have tried to show that the reconstruction/revitalization of a folk dress could proceed in a specific way if combined with language revitalization.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető Traditional Village Represented in Romania’s Open-Air Ethnographic Museums(2023-09-25) Buzas, AndreeaThis paper work is a very brief presentation that brings the reader into the front of the most important open-air museums from Romania and tries to emphasize the value of their identity. This work is, in fact, a presentation of an extensive doctoral program, after which we will publish a book, and we hope that we will be able to develop certain topics right in the pages of the journal Ethnographica et Folkloristica Carpathica . The quick development of museums has generated a veritable Romanian school of museography, recognized both nationally and internationally. The source of this development is represented by the speech of museum; that is how the museum manages to revaluate its available potential and to get imposed in areas of interest from most various: scientific, educational, cultural, touristic, ensuring the representation of as many ethnographical areas as possible. Although the concept of ethnographical museum allows multiple approaches and definitions, this essay highlights the role of the identity of museums and their way of representing the traditional village, given the dynamics and the abandonment of traditions.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető Case Study on Obstacles to the Social Integration Process of Young People of Roma Origin(2023-09-25) Szabó, HenriettThere are numerous obstacles to the advancement of Roma young people coming from disadvantaged social environments. Among these, the phenomenon that can be described by the expression köztes kitettség [verbatim: intermediate exposure] stands out. Social integration is an integration/assimilation practice complying with majority norms, which also means moving away from the values of one’s own local environment. According to the experience gained from research conducted on this topic, there are a lot of Roma young people who are trapped between two “societies” – their own sociocultural environment and the majority environment – and, consequently, find themselves in a special situation. The aim of this study is to shed light on the general context and the social significance of the phenomenon described above through recording field experiences and applying case analyses.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető Befürwortung ethnischer Diversität im späten Habsburgerstaat und einige Parallelen in der kulturellen Konzeptualisierung der EU nach 2004(2023-09-25) Prosser-Schell, MichaelDer Artikel konstatiert zunächst, dass der historische Habsburgerstaat des endenden 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts, der in seiner Staatsauffassung die ethnische Diversität ausdrücklich befürwortet und gepflegt hatte, in wichtigen geschichtswissenschaftlichen Darstellungen der Gegenwart nun wieder eine wohlwollende Deutung erfährt. Dies ist deshalb bemerkenswert, weil die späte Habsburgermonarchie nach 1919 bis um 2000 wie ein failed state beurteilt worden war. Er untersucht dann anhand der berühmten und populär adressierten Landeskunde „Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild“ (des so genannten „Kronprinzenwerks“, 1891-1902), wie diese Befürwortung der ethnischen Diversität historisch formuliert wurde. Insbesondere geht es um die Herausarbeitung der Argumente, mit denen die Stärke des pluriethnischen und plurikulturellen Habsburgerreiches generell begründet werden sollte. Außerdemwerden drei konkrete Beschreibungsbeispiele aus der Landeskunde ausgewählt, in denen bestimmte Ethnien und Regionen erkennbar positiv dargestellt wurden: die Ruthenen in Galizien, die Serben sowie die Deutschen („Schwaben“) in Südungarn. Es wird gezeigt, dass in Teilen der gegenwärtigen Europäischen Union eine frappant ähnliche Argumentation der Befürwortung ethnischer Diversität in einem gemeinsamen sozialökonomischen Verbund vorgetragen wird. Herausragendes Beispiel ist hier die Rede des französischen Präsidenten Emmanuel Macron 2017 an der Sorbonne-Universität.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető Brauchtumspflege als Zukunftsperspektive?(2023-09-25) Kasten, TilmanDiversität ist ein zentrales Stichwort unserer Zeit, das Einzug in die wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit (historischen) Migrationsphänomenen und deren Folgen gehalten hat. Dies gilt auch für die Geschichte der Zwangsmigration der deutschsprachigen Bevölkerung aus dem östlichen Europa infolge des Zweiten Weltkriegs, welche die sog. Heimatvertriebenen und die „Aufnahmegesellschaften“ vor große, u.a. die „Integration“ betreffende Herausforderungen stellte. Ausgehend von einer kritischen Lektüre eines geschichtswissenschaftlich fundierten Debattenbeitrags zur Bewertung der Integrationsgeschichte der deutschen Vertriebenen in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland reflektiert der Artikel die Frage, inwiefern sich aus dieser Geschichte Orientierungspunkte für aktuelle Debatten über ein gesellschaftliches Selbstverständnis im Zeichen von Diversität ableiten lassen.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető About the Authors(2023-09-25)Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető Remain of a Dialect in an Urban Cultural Medium by Means of Folk-tales(2022-09-05) Pal, HelenThe aim of the paper is to show the role that storytellers can play in the transmission of traditions, identity and dialect today. The paper focuses on a Hungarian ethnic group: Szeklers of Bukovina settled in Hungary in 1945. The main aim of this paper is to present the function of dialects in tales and tale-telling after the change of traditional peasant way of life and dialects. In Bukovina this ethnic group was isolated from the Hungarian mother-country and the majority of Hungarians, their cultural and language changes did not reach them, therefore the members of this ethnic group could retain their traditional culture and dialect. However, in Hungary they were settled into 38 settlements, thereby their original communities broke up. The dialectal and sociolinguistic data of this paper comes from the storyteller’s websites, written and oral personal stories, the text and sound-recording of folk-tales, and also data of formal dialectal researches of this ethnic group is used. This paper presents an analysis of some storytellers who use several dialect elements of this ethnic group, besides the role of dialects in tale-telling is studied too. It is an important aspect of this analyse how some storytellers utilize their dialect in tales and during tale-telling, and why they usually use it. The results of research present that these storytellers can use dialect elements in different ways in their tale-telling. The main conclusion is that use of a dialect can be a part of language education, a dialect is an identity marker, and by the help of it a storyteller can create a pictorial experience during the tale-telling, besides it can be a source of humour too.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető Alligators in the Sewers(2022-09-05) Mikos, ÉvaThe aim of the present study is to provide an overall picture of the nature of urban folklore using the “Alligators in the Sewers” urban legend type circulated in both the Hungarian and international press and by word of mouth. While contemporary legends have attracted only sporadic attention in Hungarian research to date, by illustrating the historical development of this legend type the aim of the present case study is to demonstrate how the phenomenon has existed in the Hungarian press for almost 200 years. The present study attempts to identify the kind of opportunities for interpretation offered by these stories in the field of folkloristics; the extent to which they are relevant beyond their literal meaning; and the ways in which they shed light on modern-day understandings of the world. Giant reptiles that are not indigenous to Europe are terrifying to the average individual, while at the same time they evoke a yearning for the natural world in city dwellers trapped amid concrete walls. Urban sewers and storm drains hold similar terrors: on the one hand, they are there to remove filth and symbolize the more unsavory aspects of urban life, while on the other hand their hidden presence beneath the ground offers ample opportunity for the projection of numerous fantasies. Animals that lurk in the sewers, from where they emerge to attack people, are manifestations, contained within simple, traditional narrative frameworks, of the murkiness of highly structured societies and of the sense of danger that this opacity engenders in us. The emergence and persistence of such stories can be attributed to a number of social practices, such as circuses, sideshows, and the keeping of reptiles as pets, along with the respective press reports and rumors.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető “We Came to a Village...”(2022-09-05) Gyökér, RóbertAlthough we experience an increasing level of cultural foreign experience in our time intensified by the pressure of migration and the development of information technologies, the conventional view of value systems still prevails in modern nations. Change in culture is a never-ending process, though. The persuasive power of stability and uniformity seems to decline in postmodernity transforming the role of nation states, as well. Peripheries and “partial truth” come into view. Value systems are also affected by these changes. Value systems are no longer cast from a single mold, but rather derive from a dynamically changing framework that is shaped by the dialogistic connection of the elements of the sociocultural realm, the central role of the subject’s interpretation and the positioned meaning of values. This paper attempts to describe the changes brought about by postmodernity through the everyday life of four families settled down in Hosszúhetény. After having embraced traditional values at a certain point in their life as a result of a conscious decision, families are compelled to reevaluate their former worldview. This process results in the revision of their identity, as well. In the end, they are trying to establish themselves through various representational practices in a village that has already been modernized. While trying to analyze the components of their value system, I define so-called correlations in the hope of realizing a more relevant understanding of the postmodern age.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető Venues of Recreation in a Former Socialist Town(2022-09-05) Ispán, Ágota LídiaIn Hungary 10–14 towns were classified as socialist towns. In 1953 the construction of the would-be Leninváros (present day Tiszaújváros ) was started. The town planners laid stress on building facilities for the relaxation and recreation of people and parks, playgrounds, beaches and holiday homes were available for everyone. However, the public places designated as recreational facilities for the inhabitants of the town, which was intended to be an idealistic one, did not satisfy their needs. They preferred to spend their free time in their ‘household plots’ in town. Small gardens and garages complemented a lot of apartments in panel blocks, thus increasing the available living space in a special manner. These “private properties” mostly had the function whose mass demand was unexpected for the planners of the city. The author describes how they helped residents, who often had a village background, making the socialist type of town more liveable.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető New Settlements in Bishkek(2022-09-05) Alymbaev, MirlanIn Kyrgyzstan, internal migrants in search of a better life left high mountains, clean air, and their native village. There are tens of thousands of such people around the capital city of Bishkek. Physically, they are in the capital in the status of city dwellers, but living conditions, the level of access to public services are at the level of remote regions. And this is how these internal migrants live for tens of years, a new generation of children is growing up who were born in these slums where lack of infrastructure such as schools, drinking water, medical facility, electricity, and transport. This study is aimed to explore the living conditions of residents in the new settlements and their rights for decent housing. The study was prepared in order to attract the attention of the state authorities to solve the urgent problems of the residents.