Ethnographica et Folkloristica Carpathica (DE-journals)

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https://hdl.handle.net/2437/279037

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Megjelenítve 1 - 20 (Összesen 57)

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The Transformation of European Fretted Zithers in the 19th and 20th Centuries
(2024-10-21) Posta, Máté
Different types of fretted zithers appeared in the western and northern parts of Europe and in the Alpine regions 500-600 years ago to meet the needs of rural folk music. In the 19th and 20th centuries, in northern Germany, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands, zithers were constantly pushed out of village folk music. The final blow was the spread of the accordion to the zither. However, in some regions of southern Germany, Bavaria and Austria, zithers did not disappear, but underwent a number of significant modifications. In the first step, the volume of the instrument was increased (Salzburg form). This variety, called the Kratzzither was further developed in two different ways. To ensure that the zither could play with other instruments, the Scherrzither and Raffele were developed. Another development direction of the Kratzzither was the Schlagzither , which already provided a harmonic accompaniment to the melody. The systematic development of the Schlagzither made possible the birth of the Austrian and German Konzertzithers , whose harmonization already meets the requirements of classical music.
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Youth Education Efforts of the 1940s: Representative Activities of the Mass-dance Cult-programme and the Beginnings of the Academic Dance-research in Budapest
(2024-10-21) Ábrahám, Nóra
My paper aims to present the dance culture of the 1940’s and explore its scientific approach to dance. According to results of my research, the “national-rescue activity” originating in Budapest looked for the promise of demonstrating “cultural-superiority” in youth-education. Movement-artists and newly formed amateur ensembles also played role in this. The initial dance-research followed the European research direction, considered the application of ethnological theories as the basis. When examining the interaction of city and countryside with a cultural-historical anthropological approach, my questions formulated in my writing: Did the village research and Scientific Institute-work in the 1940’s have an impact on the style of dance that also played a representative role, appearing as a result of the youth education efforts in Budapest? How does appear in the source-works that published the research-results of that time? My paper seeks the answers to these questions.
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Sociocultural and Historical Perspectives on Diversity in Spain
(2024-10-21) Lénárt, András
The image of Spain in the 21st century is defined by the coexistence of the descendants of different peoples who have arrived in the region over the past centuries and decades. Since prehistoric times, the history of the Iberian Peninsula has been marked by interactions between the groups that settled there; sometimes these relationships have involved a certain type of subordination and domination (for example, conqueror versus conquered), and at other times they have been characterised by the peaceful or conflictual coexistence of different societies. Thus, immigration, coexistence and assimilation have always been fundamental to the social and cultural life of Spain. To this day, cultural historians and philosophers have not been able to agree on whether the diversity of society has been an advantage or a disadvantage for the development of Spain. In this article, I will examine the approaches to this social and cultural diversity in different historical periods and the basic arguments used by scholars and scientists to support their beliefs. In analysing the issue, we look at prominent works and authors in Spanish cultural history, searching for and comparing possible arguments. We try to answer the question to what extent the search for homogeneity or diversity has been part of the Spanish self-definition in a given historical period.
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The Character of the Wayfarer in Gyula Krúdy's Novel The Travelling Companion
(2025-11-26) Balogh, Gyula
In Gyula Krúdy’s texts, the author’s alter ego figures and mediator types can be given a new meaning with the help of the results of folklore research. The writer got to know the archetypal features of these figures very early on, as even when reading the writings of his youth, it is striking that Krúdy not only wrote the plot and atmosphere of the mostly family-based fairy tales and ghost stories into his texts, but also used the storytelling techniques that create the folklore treasure. The study will discuss Krúdy’s short novel The Travelling Companion , the division of the main character’s identity, the wide range of reading possibilities offered by the story’s sacred character and mystical atmosphere. The present interpretation undertakes to reveal the complex personality of the travelling companion, to examine those scenes abounding in sacred elements, through a detailed analysis of which the common features of the Krúdy hero and certain figures of the folk religious world become visible. It can be assumed that Krúdy knew and used in his works certain features of the accompanying, helping spirit, the so-called soul guide, psychopompos, which term denotes Hermes, the god of travel. However, the term psychopompos is not only known in cultures based on Greek myths, it also applies to the accompanying spirits of ancient shamanism. We find the remains of this belief in shamans in the case of the so-called wayfarers, who, together with other strange people, are considered late descendants of shamans.
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Imaginäre und reale Brücken als verbindende Elemente in kommunalen Beziehungen?
(2024-10-21) Retterath, Hans-Werner
Im Zusammenhang mit Städtepartnerschaften und anderen internationalen Kontakten wird oft von Brücken gesprochen. Im Allgemeinen wird dieses Wort positiv konnotiert, denn Brücken ermöglichen Interaktion und Kommunikation und schaffen im Idealfall enge Beziehungen. Vor allem in öffentlichen Erklärungen wird ihre verbindende Bedeutung hervorgehoben und gefeiert. Während zumeist von Brücken im metaphorischen Sinne die Rede ist, handelt es sich in einigen Fällen um reale Bauwerke, die zum Beispiel einem bestimmten Partner gewidmet sind, oder zwischen zwei Partnergemeinden aus verschiedenen Staaten stehen. Während die Bedeutung der ersteren im Symbolischen liegt, erfüllen die letzteren auch eine Funktion im eigentlichen Sinne. Im übertragenen Sinne können auch gemeinsame Elemente des täglichen Lebens eine Brücke bilden und Menschen zusammenführen, wie z. B. Bräuche, Herkunft, wirtschaftliche Einkommensquellen, geografische Lage und historische Erfahrungen. Reale Brücken können nicht nur Menschen und Städte verbinden, sondern auch als Denkmäler fungieren, die eine Beziehung immer wieder in Erinnerung rufen. Anhand der Beschreibung ausgewählter Beispiele von imaginären und realen Brücken geht der Artikel auch auf folgende Fragen ein: Ist die Brückenmetapher meist nur eine leere Floskel? Wie werden bildliche und tatsächliche Brücken von der Öffentlichkeit wahrgenommen? Sind imaginäre Brücken (z. B. einschlägige Aktivitäten, alltagskulturelle Ähnlichkeiten) und physische Brücken wirklich verbindende Elemente in der europäischen Vielfalt? Inwiefern sind sie hilfreich, um das Fremde zu verstehen? Der Artikel bezieht sich vor allem auf langjährige Forschungen des Autors zu Städte- und Gemeindepartnerschaften, aber auch auf einige andere bilaterale Beziehungen im mitteleuropäischen Kontext. Als Quellen dienen Beobachtungen, Umfragen, Medienauswertungen und andere Recherchemittel.
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Betrachtungen zu einigen siebenbürgisch-sächsischen Handschriftensammlungen aus dem Folklore-Archiv des Forschungsinstituts für Geisteswissenschaften Hermannstadt
(2024-10-21) Buzas, Andreea
Das Archiv des Vereins der Folklore-Forscher und Ethnographen im Kreis Sibiu (rumänisch abgekürzt AFES), derzeit im Besitz des Forschungsinstituts für Geisteswissenschaften Hermannstadt (ICSU Sibiu), wurde 1977 auf Veranlassung von Professor Ilie Moise gegründet. Das Archiv enthält Sammlungen und Aufzeichnungen, Fragebögen, Manuskripte, Aufsätze und ethnographische Arbeiten, die seit 1950 bis heute von über hundert Forschern der volkstümlichen Kultur aus den wichtigsten ethnografischen Landschaften Rumäniens zusammengetragen wurden. Die vorliegende Studie stellt die wichtigsten Handschriftensammlungen im Archivbestand vor, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf Materialien einiger Minderheiten, insbesondere der Siebenbürger Sachsen, liegt, als einem Zeugnis für die im Süden Siebenbürgens so intensiven kulturellen Wechselwirkungen.
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Ethnic Peculiarities and Inter-ethnic Parallels in the Traditional Material Culture of the Hungarians of Ugocsa
(2024-10-21) Kész, Barnabás
The Hungarians living in the present-day Transcarpathian region have lived peacefully for centuries together with the majority Ruthenian/Ukrainian population, as well as with the Romanian, German, Roma and other ethnic groups, who live in a similar minority to the Hungarians. Ethnographers and tourists visiting the region are convinced that these nationalities have retained the characteristics of their culture to this day. At the same time, it is worth observing how this long historical coexistence is reflected in the way of life and mentality of these people. The parallels between Ruthenian and Hungarian language and folklore, folk customs are excellent examples of interethnic relations, but I have also encountered similar examples when researching the traditional material culture of the villages in Ugocsa . In the field of folk architecture, for example, the gate called tőkés kapu, as well as the abora , aszaló [the dryer] and the barn. Interethnic phenomena between Hungarians, Ruthenians and other nationalities of the region can also be observed in folk costumes (the guba , or the shoes called bochkor ). Throughout history, in Transcarpathia, which belonged to different state formations, it was noticeable that culture was not strictly tied to peoples. Thanks to the tolerance shown towards each other, the nationalities of the region have preserved their ethnic and religious characteristics and identity, but we can also find many similarities in their cultures. When studying the interactions that mutually enrich each other's culture and provide a colorful and attractive image to the region, it is often impossible to find out who borrowed from whom and when. During the ethnographic research of the local communities, the main point is to take into account the ethnic interaction of the nationalities living here, as the folk culture of the local Hungarians is determined by the aggregation of the cultures of different ethnicities.
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Heritagizing the Maestro: A Study of Dr Bhupen Hazarika Samadhi Kshetra, a Memorial Site Dedicated to Dr Bhupen Hazarika
(2024-10-21) Gogoi, Leenasri; Sarkar, Sayani
Bhupen Hazarika was a multifaceted personality known for his contributions as a singer, songwriter, composer, filmmaker, writer, and social activist from Assam, a state in the north-eastern part of India. To honour his life and works, a memorial site is constructed in the Jalukbari area of Assam. The site is called ‘Dr Bhupen Hazarika Samadhikshetra’. It is located in Guwahati city, near Gauhati University, in the state of Assam, India. The literal meaning of the Assamese words Samadhikshetra is a burial site. Through empirical research, the paper investigates the conceptual framework of heritagization as applied to Dr Hazarika’s legacy, focusing on preserving, maintaining, and celebrating his contributions to society. The study emphasises the role of the memorial site, as a tangible example of Dr Hazarika’s cultural relevance by delving further into its architectural design, symbolic elements, and commemorative features. Beyond these tangible aspects, the study also addresses the intangible values, identity and collective memories that the site evokes and preserves. The paper also explores the close interaction between the cultural and constructed heritage of the site, emphasising the need for a holistic strategy to protect and preserve the cultural past. Despite controversies and challenges over selecting the last resting place of Dr Hazarika, the Samadhikshetra stands as a tribute to his lasting influence and gratitude for his artistic legacy. Through commemorative events and ongoing public engagement, the memorial site continues to serve as a sacred space where Dr Hazarika’s spirit can live on and inspire future generations.
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The Formation and the Development of the Újházhely Residential Area in Hajdúnánás
(2024-10-21) Kutasi, Imre
In Hungary, it was the land reform of 1945 which caused one of the most significant changes in the land policy. This measure, aimed at allocating land to landless peasants, utilized a total of 3,220,000 ha, which were distributed among 642,000 beneficiaries. As a result, each beneficiary received an average of 2,9 ha of agricultural land, on which they could make a living, albeit under difficult conditions. Historical research has examined this phenomenon, allowing us to understand its effects on Hungarian agriculture and the peasants. It is a less known fact, that not only agricultural lands but also – according to the previous works – in approximately 2800 settlements 300,000–450,000 building sites were distributed. As a result, new farmstead centers, settlements and residential areas emerged. This topic is a less researched area of the history of the Hungarian countryside, even though it caused many changes in the society of these settlements. To provide a more comprehensive understanding of these phenomena, the aim of my presentation is to illustrate this process using the example of Hajdúnánás , a small town located in northern Hajdú-Bihar County. This includes the occupation of agricultural lands, payment of expenses (such as contributions and redemption fees), the distribution of building sites, and the settlement and development of the Újházhely residential area. For this research, I utilized historical sources including electoral registers, house tax records, maps, statistical data, archival sources, legal documents, and interviews.
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The Use of National Minority Culture in Tourism Development
(2024-10-21) Pusztai, Bertalan
In our tourist travels, we seek experiences in locales distinct from our places of resi dence or work. Tourism developments strive to fulfil this desire by showcasing and making tangible some unique local characteristic, thus attracting visitors to a specific place. In resource-poor areas, one of the simplest and least investment-demanding ways to achieve this is by turning a unique element of local culture into an attraction and celebrating it. This does not require costly infrastructure development, but it can still attract tourists. Our study focuses on these local celebrations, which are most often referred to as festivals, feasts or competitions. In the first part of this paper, our goal is to draw attention to a specific group of local festivals, events that focus on the culture of national minorities. Along with examples from Hungary, we present in more detail two festivals: one in Southwest Hungary’s Feked and the other in Southeast Hungary’s Deszk . In the second part of the study, we categorise local festivals based on the cultural elements they highlight. According to my research, four basic categories can be determined. Festivals can be created to celebrate a well-identifiable local cultural or economic phenomenon. There are local celebrations aimed at preserving or reviving disappearing or vanished local cultural elements. There are festivals that emphasise newly invented traditions. Finally, events based on humour or randomness can also be the basis of a tourist attraction.
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Memory and Enculturation
(2024-10-21) Bihari Nagy, Éva
It may be safely stated at present that the triad of past, tradition and memory has accelerated at an incredible pace. Memory seems to keep the events of the past alive for ever shorter periods of time. Rites, memories and remembrance are now handed down as written sources in the form of textbooks. How does the narrative of the teaching aids that have emerged in the 21 st century then evolve and what are/have been their achievements in the construction of national identity? How do hon- és népismeret [Our homeland and its people] textbooks function as tools for building a national community? The subject hon- és népismeret taught in grade schools examines and discusses national culture and the processes of cultural reconstruction in a rather specific cross-section. Beyond exploring the interdependence and interlocking of the context and practice of ‘knowledge creation’/‘knowledge transmission’ in primary educational institutions, this paper aims to explore some salient observations on its generational relationship to memory. The importance of this subject and textbook is/has been undeniable, both as a tool for national and social community-building on the one hand and as a tangible archive of the process of heritage transmission/patrimonization on the other hand.
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About the Authors
(2024-10-21)
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The Concept of Dissimilation in the Study of Inter-ethnic Marriages within Homogeneous Meskhetian Turkish, Azerbaijani Marriages in Turkestan
(2024-10-21) Abdinassir, Nazira
While analyzing the preservation of cultural heritage is more straightforward in homogenous households, inter-ethnic marriages present a captivating lens through which to examine cultural integration, social identity, and the preservation of tradition within diverse societies. This study explores the dynamics of inter-ethnic and homogeneous marriages among Meskhetian Turks and Azerbaijanis in Kazakhstan, applying the theoretical framework of dissimilation theory. By drawing on fieldwork conducted in 2024 which involved 45 interviews from two research villages, Turki Poselkasy and Kentau , located in the Turkestan province in the southern part of Kazakhstan, the research investigates the historical context and contemporary realities faced by these communities. In doing so, it highlights differences in culture, language, and social norms that can influence the formation of both mixed and homogeneous marriages among minority groups in the region. The theoretical background of the study is grounded in dissimilation theory, which posits that individuals in inter-ethnic marriages tend to distance themselves from their own ethnic groups to establish new identities within the context of their relationships. Through interviews and surveys conducted across diverse settlements, the study explores social identities and groups as well as concepts of cultural and social differences including gender dynamics, to uncover the intricate mechanisms of dissimilation.
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The Definition of the Museum at the Intersection of Tradition and the Digital World
(2025-11-26) Csont, István
This study explores the evolving definition and role of museums in the digital age, focusing on the intersection of tradition and technological innovation. It illustrates the challenges of reaching a universally accepted concept by highlighting the historical development of the International Council of Museums’ (ICOM) definitions. The paper emphasizes that museums have always played a central role in preserving cultural heritage and facilitating education, but their tasks and methods have changed significantly over time. The 21 st century has brought new expectations, including digital accessibility, audience engagement, and lifelong learning. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated digital transformation, prompting museums to expand their online presence and educational offerings. The research discusses how virtual exhibitions, digital databases, and interactive technologies can enhance the relevance and outreach of museums. It also outlines the importance of international and national strategies in supporting digitisation efforts and cultural inclusion. Today, museums must adapt to societal needs while maintaining their core functions of preservation, education, and authenticity. The paper concludes that redefining museums requires balancing traditional knowledge mediation with modern, interactive approaches. Ultimately, museums are cultural hubs whose sustainability depends on their ability to innovate and connect with diverse audiences.
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Ancia Zarichanska in der Volkskunde Transkarpatiens: zur Frage kultureller Parallelen
(2025-11-26) Korol, Vasyl; Kryvonos, Oleksandr
Die vorliegende Studie widmet sich der Analyse der historischen Figur von Ancia Zarichanska (Anna Poidyn), einer spirituellen Vermittlerin und charismatischen Heilerin aus dem transkarpatischen Dorf Zarichchia. Basierend auf umfangreichen Feldforschungen (2018–2019) und qualitativen Interviews mit den lokalen Informanten beleuchtet der Artikel die narrative Konstruktion dieser Frau im lokalen Gedächtnis, ihre magischen Fähigkeiten, rituellen Praktiken und asketische Lebensweise. Dabei wird ihr außergewöhnliches Verhalten – darunter Rückzug in selbstgewählte Isolation, Visionen, Fasten und soziale Selektivität – als Ausdruck religiöser Askese, devianter Frömmigkeit und spiritueller Autorität interpretiert. Zentrale Elemente wie Nahtoderfahrung, Wiedergeburtsmotiv oder heilende Hellsicht werden in einen komparativen Kontext mit europäischen Volksheilerinnen, Seherfiguren sowie schamanischen Initiationen gestellt. Der Fall Zarichanska zeigt eindrücklich, wie sich spirituelle Legitimität außerhalb institutioneller Religion entfaltet. Ein besonderer Fokus liegt auf der Analyse der kulturellen Logik hinter der Zuschreibung spiritueller Autorität, der Entstehung von Ritualen wie dem „Hercna-Mittwoch“ sowie der Pflege und kultischen Aufwertung ihres Grabes, das als Ort lokaler Verehrung gilt. Die Studie stellt einen Beitrag zur Ethnologie des Volksglaubens dar und zeigt, wie kollektives Gedächtnis, orale Tradition, dämonologische Erzählmuster und religiös-magische Praktiken ineinandergreifen und zur Entstehung lokaler „Volksheiligen“ beitragen. Die Figur Zarichanskas wird exemplarisch als Ausdruck transkultureller Muster nicht-institutioneller Spiritualität verstanden, die in Zeiten sozialer Umbrüche eine identitätsstiftende Funktion übernimmt.
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Utilizing ArchivesSpace for Data Archiving: A Case Study of the Digital Archive for Ethnological and Anthropological Resources at the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology
(2025-11-26) Crvenkovska Risteska, Ines; Risteski, Ljupcho
The purpose of this paper is to present and promote the positive experiences of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology in utilizing ArchivesSpace – an open-source web-based database management application that facilitates access, description, and arrangement of processed materials, including analog, hybrid, and newly created digital content. These materials are effectively represented through a public user interface and can be used across the domains of library, archival, and museum work. By focusing on the implementation and use of ArchivesSpace within the institute, this study underscores its potential as a sustainable solution for heritage institutions that seek to manage, preserve, and present their cultural resources in an efficient and accessible manner. The paper highlights the software’s advantages, such as its open-source nature, adaptability, and capacity to handle various forms of materials, emphasizing its contribution to enhancing the visibility of cultural heritage and improving its accessibility for diverse audiences. Furthermore, this research reflects on the benefits of using ArchivesSpace in contexts that face financial and infrastructural limitations, illustrating how it can empower institutions with limited resources to digitize and preserve their collections while ensuring they remain publicly accessible. The paper concludes by encouraging other institutions, especially those in countries with emerging digital preservation strategies, to explore the potential of ArchivesSpace to support their archival and cultural heritage management needs.
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Review on the Macedonian Wedding Singing
(2025-11-26) Velichkovska, Rodna
The wedding as a rite of passage in Macedonia is a living tradition that preserves numerous and various evidence either on the social relations of the traditional community or the changes of this complex family-customs and ritual cycle. The characteristic of this complex is that it abounds with many ritual-magical actions, the basis of which is the apotropaic character. The most significant signs, according to which it is possible to determine the boundaries of the local singing style, include: the constancy of the traditional wedding scenario, the commonality of the wedding repertoire and the types of musical-poetic structures. Remains of the former characteristics of social life are deposited in the entire wedding complex: the former rights and duties of the woman and her position in the village community, as well as the old beliefs of magical and religious character. The main characters in the wedding ceremony, apart from the bride and the groom, are: the father-in-law, the mother-in-law, the best man, the groomsman, the bride's brother, the brother-in-law and other participants, who are called wedding guests or in-laws. For them, during the entire wedding ritual, songs are sung, related to the entire ritual process and have a precisely determined ritual place and performance time. Their performance is related to four time-space segments of the wedding.
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The Lazarki Procession in Inyevo, Radoviš: Ritual and Tradition in North Macedonia
(2025-11-26) Tamayo, Jose Antonio Lorenzo; Madili, Meryem
Lazarus Day is an important springtime tradition among Orthodox Christians in the Balkans. In the Republic of North Macedonia, many villages mark the occasion with a ritual conducted by female performers, the lazarki . Traditionally, the lazarki visit each home in the village to bless family members by singing unique songs. This ethnographic work intends to explore and document the tradition in Inyevo, a lowland and upland community in the Municipality of Radovis. Compared to other villages in Macedonia, the lazarki in Inyevo perform two connected rituals conducted eight days before Palm Sunday. On a Saturday, the lazarki perform the willow picking and willow offering in the monasteries, while the traditional home visitations happen on a Sunday. In exploring and documenting the tradition, fieldwork was conducted between 27 and 28 April 2024. The fieldwork included interviews (i.e., with the performers, a local family, people in the village) and observation of the rituals performed by the lazarki . The Lazarki in Inyevo exemplifies a tradition evoking themes on gender, the contemporary role of women in rituals, and as a form of authentic expression of faith.
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The Traditional Way of Thinking of Small Farmer Housewives in Finland
(2025-11-26) Halmesvirta, Anssi
The aim of this article is to throw light on the historical experiences and their memories of a housewife from a small farm in Upper Savo ( Yläsavo ) in Finland. Its motivation emanates from the fact that neither local, commissioned histories nor ethnographical studies have touched the orbit of their lives and their traditional, three-dimensional way of thought. The theoretical vantage-point applied here was put forward by Paul Ricoeur and further developed by Frank Ankersmit: memories of witnesses of historical experiences can tell more intimate and accurate narratives than documentary histories. As evidence, culled from interviews and diverse biographical and autobiographical material, they can complement the work of ethnographers who operate on the same field by recording past as lived life.
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Folklore, Nichtmenschliche Tiere und Sozialdarwinismus
(2023-09-25) Mathur, Nidhi; Ray, Shailesh Kumar
Der vorliegende Artikel befasst sich mit der kritischen Ananlyse der ausgewählten Grimms Märchen im Zusammenhang mit Sozialdarwinismus. Zunächst wird einen kurzen Überblick über den Begriff und seinen historischen Hintergrund zur Verfügung gestellt. Des Weiteren beschäftigt sich dieser Artikel mit verschiedenen Ideen, die die DenkerInnen des Sozialdarwinismus im Laufe der Zeit verwendet und präsentiert haben. Danach wird der Artikel den Zusammenhang zwischen Sozialdarwinismus und Grimms Märchen darstellen. Des Weiteren werde wir die ausgewählten Märchen ein nach dem anderen im Kontext von Sozialdarwinismus betrachten. Die zur Analyse herangezogenen Märchen der Gebrüder Grimm umfassen: Der Fuchs und die Katze, Der Wolf und der Fuchs, Der Zaunkönig und der Bär. Die ausgewählten Märchen werden in diesem Artikel durch die Linse der theriozentrisch-animalistischen Perspektive betrachtet, da die anthropozentrische Leseart Märchentiere nur im Bezug auf den ‘Charaktermasken menschlicher Eigenschaften‘ zur Verfügung stellt, werden daher die Märchentiere zum ‚Verschwinden‘ gezwungen. Dieser Artikel argumentiert, dass Grimms Märchen Antithese zu Überleben des Stärkeren sind.

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