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Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SPORT RECREATIONAL PARK USE IN SZEGED’S ERZSÉBET LIGET(2023-04-05) Tóth, Larissza; Győri, FerencObjective: Our research was aimed to explore the opportunities Szeged’s largest park, the Erzsébet Liget's offers in the area of sport recreation, in addition, the composition, the sports habits, and the contentment of the park's adult visitors who came from nearby and also from more distant places. We hypothesized that the characteristics of access to the park and the characteristics of park use depend on the proximity of the user's residence. At the same time, their socio-demographic features and contentment are unrelated. Method: Our primary data were gained using random paper-based questionnaires (N=108). Those people were asked who was doing some physical exercise at various sports scenes in the park. Pearson's Chi-square test was used to explore the relationship between different categorical variables. Results: The proximity of the park and the users' place of residence was strongly related to the travel time and the chosen mode of transport. At the same time, it did not show any significant relation to the features of park use for sports. These features, primarily due to the elderly visitors, only impacted the frequency of park visits with an aim other than sport. Also, no significant difference was found concerning the park's proximity, contentment with the services, and socio-demographic variables, although some tendencies were identified. Conclusion: The park's proximity did not have an impact of significance concerning the composition and the contentment of park visitors and their use of the sports facilities.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető COPING WITH SPORTS INJURIES AMONG INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM SPORT ATHLETES(2024-01-24) Csukonyi, Csilla; Nagy, RékaIn the study, we aimed to explore the differences between individual and team athletes due to their coping with sports injuries. The research consisted of qualitative and quantitative parts: one interview and two questionnaires were recorded. Due to our country's rudimentary form of prevention and rehabilitation procedures for sports injuries, the study would show different results compared to a foreign sample. The practical benefit of the study lies in this, as the more information available about the differences in the psychological functioning of athletes, the more specific help can be provided to them during the activity of a sports psychologist.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető TERRITORIAL BEHAVIOUR AND AGGRESSION OF ATHLETES IN RELATION TO THEIR RESILIENCE LEVEL(2023-04-05) Csukonyi, Csilla; Ágoston, MártonWe examined athletes’ territorial behavior and aggression and their relationship with resilience. The sample consists of 116, mainly amateur athletes. Our results show a significant positive relationship between territorial need and aggression but only in 'non-material territorial need' from the territorial subscales. Furthermore, we found no significant difference in the relationship between territorial need and aggression comparing individual and team athletes. Resilience was a non-significant mediator between territorial need and aggression. The results may provide helpful information for practitioner specialists and researchers in the applied field, as they both support previous research and attempt to address a new research topic.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető A GERINCDEFORMITÁS MEGELŐZÉSÉNEK MÓDSZERTANI ASPEKTUSAI A GYÓGYTESTNEVELÉS TERÜLETÉN(2024-01-24) Müller, Anetta; Simon, István Ágoston; Lenténé Puskás, Andrea; Bíró, Melinda; Zidek, Péter; Laoues-Czimbalmos, NóraCorrect posture is important for health and performance and is also the key to maintaining health. Incorrect posture can have many negative consequences for our physical and mental health. The study undertakes to present the incidence rates of postural disorders and scoliosis in the different grades of public education students based on Hungarian national statistical data, as well as to highlight the age group at risk based on the incidence. In adolescence, we encounter a much higher incidence of posture disorders and scoliosis, one of the reasons for which may be growth, which is not followed by adequate strength of the trunk muscles, but is also influenced by lifestyle factors. Another goal of the article is to provide guidance to physical therapists by collecting methods and tools for the prevention of spinal deformities, helping them implement primary prevention and spinal protection. A lifestyle rich in movement, leisure sports and physical activity can play an outstanding role in preventing poor posture, scoliosis and pes planus diagnosis in students.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető IDŐSKORÚAK FIZIKAI AKTIVITÁSÁNAK VIZSGÁLATA COVID-19 JÁRVÁNY IDEJÉN(2024-01-24) Dergez, Teodóra; Laczkó, TamásPhysical activity can be used for any movement/exercise involving energy expenditure. Scientific research discusses the issue of older adults' physical activity. It is a common principle that an active lifestyle positively impacts older adults' quality of life and life expectancy. During the period of the coronavirus, it was revealed in many countries that the time spent on physical activity decreased significantly due to social distancing measures. Due to the pandemic, there have been significant changes in the society's sports consumption habits. Our research aims to examine and present the changes in the physical activity of the age group above 60 before the coronavirus and during the period of restrictions and quarantines due to the COVID-19 pandemic. For the analysis, we used data examining the first three waves of the COVID-19 epidemic collected by the Physical Activity Research Group of the Faculty of Health Sciences of the University of Pécs. In the examined periods, a "U"-"-shaped trend can be observed in the development of the physical activity of the 60-69 years age group. In the pre-coronavirus period, the level and intensity of the weekly physical activity of older adults began to decrease after the introduction of the lockdowns. Then, they continued to increase during the successive epidemic waves. The average duration of physical activity (minutes/week) at the second wave and the intensity of physical activity (METs) exceeded the pre-pandemic state significantly by the time of the third wave. As physical activity started to increase in the 60-69 age group during the second and third wave of the coronavirus, it would be essential to maintain an active lifestyle in the later period as well. Physical activity benefits people of all ages and can reduce the burden on the healthcare system.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető THE INVOLVEMENT OF ADVANCED COGNITIVE SKILLS IN VARIOUS FOOTBALL – SPECIFIC TESTS A PILOT STUDY(2024-01-24) Bucz, Bence; Varga, Katalin; Pucsok, József Márton; Bíró, MelindaSports professionals should encourage the development of cognitive functions as often as possible in training. Stimulating the brain with alternating stimuli can promote concentration, attention, and the development of situational awareness and decision-making skills. The more and more diverse stimuli the player receives, the faster and more effectively he will react to match situations. Our research examined the effect of exercises requiring advanced cognitive skills on the training load. Changes in cardiovascular data were monitored using Polar Verity Sense 4J and Polarflow systems. The pilot study involved a U-16 football player. Our results demonstrated that in addition to increasing speed, duration, and number of repetitions, the gradual inclusion of decision-making situations can also effectively increase the load. The participant completed two sets of exercises. During the second test, more complex exercises required advanced cognitive skills. The average heart rate for the first test was 130 beats per minute. We experienced an increase in the average value (150 beats per minute) during the completion of the second test. We measured an average 15 percent increase in the participants' heart rate.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető EXAMINATION OF FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT STATUS, INJURY HISTORY AND SPECIFIC MOTOR PERFORMANCE AMONG YOUNG ELITE FOOTBALL PLAYERS(2023-04-05) Pucsok, József Márton; Szentes-Szendrey, Anna; Balogh, László; Tarnóczy, ZalánPurpose: The primary aim of this study was to find any relationship between total and selected FMS scores, recent (within two years) injury status, and specific motor performance. The secondary purpose of the study was to examine, wheather is there any relationship between injuries of the hamstring muscle and injuries of the hip and knee joints of the body. Material and methods: Youth and junior football players were volunteered to take part in our examination. A total of 45 subjects participated in our study, their age varied from 16 to 19. We implemented a five to one scoring system to identify the status of injuries. Finally, a complete FMS testing and a single leg (unilateral) standing long jump test were performed, involving all participants.Beside evaluating the total FMS scores of the participants, we chose to specifically stress on five test batteries out of seven. Out of the five tests we further focused on three FMS tests. Results and conclusion: In this given population, we have not found significant relationship between total FMS scores and overall scores (5 to 1) of injury status. Our results also did not indicate any significant correlation between selected FMS scores and single leg standing long jump performance.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető A KÜLFÖLDI EGÉSZSÉGTURISTÁK GENERÁLTA MAKROGAZDASÁGI HATÁSOK ALAKULÁSA 2017-2020 IDŐSZAKBAN(2023-04-05) Nagy, Tamás; Sáránszki, Lili; Baumann, Lilla Tünde; Bátor, Gábor LászlóHealth tourism is one of the defining sectors of the global economy; its growing trend exceeds the growth rate of the world GDP. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, tourism and, as part of it, the health tourism sector has become almost impossible. Our research aimed to examine the demand of tourists coming to Hungary for health tourism in the period 2017-2020. Our further goal was to quantify the magnitude of the macroeconomic effects generated by the consumption of foreign health tourists and their evolution in 2017-2020. The basic information of the secondary research was the tourism demand data published by the Central Statistical Office. The KSH data comes from a collection called "Tourist and other expenses of foreigners in Hungary." The information used was downloaded from the KSH Information database. Due to the COVID-19 epidemic, there was a significant decrease in foreign tourist arrivals. The year before the epidemic (2019) was already characterized by a decline in the number of guest nights spent by tourists coming to our country due to wellness tourism and medical interventions. Still, the pandemic resulted in a drastic decrease. Between 2017 and 2019, there was an increase in the national economic effects, and in 2020 there was a significant decline in the number of tourists coming to our country for health tourism from abroad. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and related restrictions, the proportion of tourists coming from abroad for health tourism has drastically decreased, as well as the total amount of goods they spend in our country. As a result, our country's economic income from health tourism has significantly decreased.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető A GYERMEKVÉDELEM FONTOSSÁGA A MEDENCETÉRBEN(2024-01-24) Bernáth, Gréta Andrea; Bíró, MelindaMost of the coaches have a positive, supportive attitude towards athletes. Physical and emotional abuse of children is no longer part of the pedagogical practice of coaches these days, but unfortunately, this is not always the case. We examined two sports, swimming and water polo. We were interested in what form of abuse appears among athletes. How abused athletes share their experiences and process what happened. We used a questionnaire method in the study. One hundred seventeen people participated in the research: 63 women (53.8%) and 54 men (46.2%). The results demonstrated that all types of abuse (physical, mental, physical, and sexual) occurred in the examined sample. The majority of those interviewed reported various "punishments" such as some exercise, push-ups (73.5%), or additional swimming (69.2%). Many of them (28.8%) were shamed and humiliated. 43.2% of the respondents do not consider physical or mental abuse to be acceptable, but there are some things where they are more lenient. Nearly 17 percent assume intense pressure on the head is acceptable, and 30% of athletes partially or fully agree that "the coach has the right to use physical punishment to educate and discipline the child. Respondents shared their experiences mostly with their mother (41.9%), father (26.5%), or friends (26.5%). More than half of the respondents (59.8%) tried to suppress their grievances, and many (58.1%) also believed these experiences would accompany them throughout their lives .Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető THE EXAMINATION OF BALL SKILL DEVELOPMENT IN YOUTH FOOTBALL PLAYERS(2024-01-24) Haraszti, Patrik Zoltán; Lente, Lajos; Pucsok, József Márton; Lenténé Puskás, AndreaIn modern football , in addition to advanced physical and mental abilities , players must have excellent technical skills. Coaches must emphasize the development of ball skills during youth training that will enable athletes to execute technical elements accurately and precisely, even at a fast game pace. The present research investigated the significance and effects of ball skill development among youth football players. The study focuses on the role and importance of technical elements in football, implementing the Coerver training method. Material and methods: The U11, U13, and U14 youth teams of Loki Focisuli Debrecen KSE participated in the study. We examined the effect of a 14-week training program on ball skills. We implemented sport-specific tests to assess these technical skills. Fourteen weeks later, we conducted the second measurement under the same conditions. Results and conclusion: The study confirmed that youth football players may improve ball skills with the help of a 14-week training program based on Coerver's training method. The most significant improvement was measured in the U11 age group.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető A VEZETŐ-, MENTORTANÁR SZEREPE, ÉS SZEMÉLYES FEJLŐDÉSÉNEK LEHETŐSÉGEI A BIPOLÁRIS MENTORI KAPCSOLATBAN(2023-04-05) Rinyuné Ökrös, Mónika; Ökrös, Csaba; Bíró, MelindaDuring the mentoring work, the question often arises as to how much the mentor becomes a model for the student or intern. What could be the reason why some people reflect the values and models that they represent and thus the students follow and respect them, just by their activities, by the manifestation of their personality, by their existence within the entire school? How can the mentoring task be made more effective? Answering these questions motivated me to prepare the research, the purpose of which is to determine the role of the mentor teacher in the mentoring process and to demonstrate the criteria for the success and efficiency of the mentor-student relationship. To answer the research questions, we conducted a questionnaire survey. In the study, we interviewed teachers and mentor teachers (n=30), of whom 63% were women, 36.7% were men (average age 51, minimum: 38, maximum: 65). 66.7% have more than 20 years of teaching experience. 11.9% of the respondents teach in the field of physical education and sports literacy. Our results showed that the lead and mentor teacher has a decisive role in the mentoring process and his personal influence can be an important factor in the retention of teacher candidates. In the mentoring process, openness to the new, mutual respect and critical, empathetic mentoring behavior are the most encouraging in the bipolar mentoring relationship. Students' self-confidence is increased most by the teacher's encouraging behavior based on professional knowledge. In terms of their own development, mentors are mostly inspired by students with a cooperative, positive attitude, but they are at least as motivated by the student's interest in teaching and becoming a teacher. It is interesting that it is not the powerful managerial control, but the developmental mentoring control that assumes reflexivity that appears during the teachings.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető EGYETEMI TESTNEVELÉS ÉS SPORT HATÁSA A HALLGATÓK FITTSÉGI ÁLLAPOTÁRA(2020-12-18) Pucsok, József Márton; Balogh, László; Ráthonyi, Gergely; Varga, Katalin; Bíró, Eszter; Perényi, Gabriella; Lenténé Puskás, AndreaThe physical fitness state of university students has deteriorated over the years. Relevant data is needed to investigate this tendency thoroughly. We conducted a longitudinal examination among university students in Debrecen, Hungary. At the first stage of our examinations, we examined sixty male and female participants to assess their physical fitness status. They participated in four different activities (pilates, spinning, wellness-general fitness, body-shaping) once a week. Each exercise session lasted for 90 minutes. We conducted a pre-and post-exercise screening, which consisted of a Beep-test, push-up, and sit-up tests. We hypothesized that the different types of activities might alter the exercise response. Aerobic performance, upper-body, and abdominal strength may differ depending on the type of exercise—international recommendations suggesting that 150 minutes of physical activity is necessary for physical fitness benefits. Our results demonstrated that 90 minutes of exercise might significantly improve inactive young adults' physical fitness state once a week.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető UTÁNPÓTLÁSKORÚ KÉZILABDÁZÓK ÉS LABDARÚGÓK TELJESÍTMÉNYÉNEK VIZSGÁLATA INTENZÍV MIKROMOZGÁSOK SZEMPONTJÁBÓL(2020-03-20) Kovács, Miklós; Pocsai, Balázs; Zsanda, Emilia; Pöszmet, Tibor; Balogh, László; Pucsok, József MártonModern soccer is characterized by short distance multidirectional movements. Elite level players execute a large number of micromovements of all kinds. Like in handball game situations in soccer usually occur in small areas. We investigated, whether soccer players may be able to perform accelerations, decelerations, intense starting movements and turns at the same level as handball players. We utilized the Speed Court movement analysis system to prove our hypotheses. We measured youth athletes, they executed two testing protocols. High-quality speed, agility, spatial awareness, and decision-making capabilities were required by the participants. We designed two protocols called the “60-meter chase”, and the “30-second chase” to mimic the situations tend to occur in a game. Each participant was asked to perform the test protocols three-times, we registered the best try, after 12 weeks of practice, the athletes repeatedly executed the two protocols. We also performed a body composition analysis, which demonstrated similar data for the two groups. We concluded that soccer players were able to perform at the same level as handball players, some of them even outperformed their counterparts.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIFIC SELECTION CRITERIA IN YOUNG BALL SPORT PLAYERS(2020-12-18) Pucsok, József Márton; Ráthonyi, Gergely; Varga, Katalin; Perényi, Gabriella; Lenténé Puskás, Andrea; Bács, Zoltán; Balogh, LászlóBackground: Our study aimed to analyze body composition and spiroergometric data of young (14-15 years) elite level ball sport players. We suggested three-ball sports (handball, soccer, and basketball) share common performance indicators, as rapid intermittent movements primarily characterize each ball sport. Methods: We selected one-hundred and ten, handball (n=30), basketball (n=40), and soccer (n=40) players male and female from local clubs in Hungary. Seventy-nine males and thirty-one females participated in our study; their average age was 14.51 and 14.56, respectively. They participated in laboratory testing; the protocol included a body composition analysis and spiroergometric tests. We measured body composition and physiological parameters utilizing an In Body 720 device and a standard Bruce treadmill protocol. Although we were aware of the Bruce protocol limitations in elite athletes, we choose this protocol as a safer alternative for younger inexperienced athletes. Results and conclusions: We concluded that in young male soccer and basketball players, mean peak /load (W), peak/VE (l), peak/Vtex (l), peak/ VO 2 (ml/min), peak/VCO 2 (ml/min), and peak/ O 2 pulse (ml) data is a reliable indicator of the sport-specific performance. We may also suggest that in our male basketball and handball players' population, peak/Vtex (l) is the only variable, which is significantly different. Between groups of male handball and soccer players, peak/VO 2 /kg (ml/min) may be a valid performance indicator. Among female basketball and handball players, we found a significant difference in three performance variables: peak/Vtex (l), peak/VO 2 (ml/min), and peak/ O 2 pulse (ml).Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető ÍZÜLETI HŐMÉRSÉKLETEK VIZSGÁLATA PREVENCIÓS JELLEGŰ MOZGÁSPROGRAM HATÁSÁRA E-SPORTOT ŰZŐK KÖRÉBEN-PILOT STUDY(2022-07-06) Oláh, Ádám József; Hidvégi, Péter; Szemán-Nagy, Gábor; Pucsok, József MártonOur research aimed to determine what temperature changes occur along with the spinal segments during seated exercise and in which direction these temperature values change due to a preventive exercise program. This thesis aims to develop a thermographic analysis procedure to monitor the loads generated in and along the spine of mainly e-athletes and to investigate the effect of a preventive exercise program designed by the research team on the temperature values generated by the load. During our research, we conducted a study with three university students over several months. After an acclimatization period, the research subjects performed e-sport activities in a standardized temperature room while their back temperatures were monitored. The resulting thermograms were analyzed using ImageJ free-use image analysis software. The RGB-type thermograms were converted to 8-bit color depth, and the pixel intensity of the ROI (Range of interest) areas was measured. The following ROI areas were isolated during measurements: neck (C-cervical), back (T-thoracic), lumbar (L-lumbar), and muscle groups to the left (S-sinistrum) and right (D-dextrum) of these areas. Results were obtained at five-minute intervals. Our results showed that the intervention did not produce apparent changes. In two out of three subjects, the cervical section was the hottest, followed by the thoracic and lumbar areas. In general, surfaces to the left of the spinal regions were warmer than surfaces to the right.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető TÖRZS ÉS ALSÓ VÉGTAG STABILITÁSÁNAK VIZSGÁLATA LABDAJÁTÉKOSOK KÖRÉBEN(2020-03-20) Lepp, Kitti; Némethné Gyurcsik, ZsuzsannaThe technical background of the various ball games is determined by its lower endpoint and ultimately provides a coordinated functional assurance of its muscles. The activity of the superficial and deep abdominal muscles is a function of the moving, kicking, jumping limbs, and the supporting, limiting and stabilizing functions of the supporting limb. A basic element of injury prevention is the operation of stabilizers. During the health check, routine testing options should be checked and a targeted intervention program developed. The aim of the research program was to measure the core and lower final stabilization functions of ballplayers - basketball players, water polo players, and soccer players - by classifying and analyzing the various technical knowledge into three groups, as well as statistical classification and analysis of the target groups. We tested U16 water polo, basketball and soccer players. A musculoskeletal comparative study was performed specifically with an examination of the stability of the torso and the lower limb, with special tests. Internationally Used Standard Tests: Single Leg Squat test (sec.), Single Leg Squat on TOGU test (sec.), Single leg wall-sit test (sec.) Single leg wall-sit with a ball (sec.), do a standard test with different results. The results are known because of their full scope, the development of muscle synergism needs in a given sport. Developing and launching a unified intervention program for further goals and then compiling, with the subsequent involvement, a statistical element to end the friendship. Developing the results and considering the technical background, determine the effectiveness of the exercise program, that is, a functional approach-based exercise program that needs to be introduced into the body and the final determination of the synergistic function from a special test position bank.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető CREATININE AND CREATINE KINASE RATIO IN BLOOD OF DIFFERENT BODY TYPES - A NEW APPROACH.(2021-12-30) Bandyopadhyay , Anupam; Chatterjee, PrithaPurpose: The inconsistencies and variations of creatine kinase level due to modifiable and non-modifiable factors were the basis of this study. The aim was to find out the relationships between creatinine and creatine kinase in the blood of somatotypes. Methods: The 122 males, aged 10 to 20 years, were classified according to their somatotypes. Somatotypes were measured by the ISAK method. By standard laboratory methods, creatinine and creatine kinase estimate. The IBM SPSS version 24 is used for calculation. One way ANOVA followed by post hoc tests was performed to compare the variables among the three groups (p<0.05). Results: Creatinine level in the blood insignificantly deferred among the three somatotypes. The significant differences (p<0.05) were found in creatine kinase level in the blood and creatinine/creatine kinase ratio among the three dominant Somatotypes. Creatine Kinase was significantly higher in Ectomorphs (212 U/L) than Endomorphs. Ectomorphs and mesomorphs have crossed normal creatine kinase levels (35 -175 U/L). The creatinine/creatine kinase ratio was found highest in endomorphs and lowest in the ectomorphs and significantly differed in three Somatotypes. Conclusion: Creatinine production remains the same, indicating production of Creatinine is independent of specific body types. A significant higher Creatine Kinase level in Ectomorphs over Endomorphs showed fat content was not associated with it. Significant differences in Creatinine / Creatine Kinase ratio among Somatotypes suggested its relevance between cellular and morphological relationships and might uses as biomarkers.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető VÁZIZOMSÉRÜLÉS KEZELÉSEK JELENLEGI MÓDJAINAK ÁTTEKINTÉSE(2020-03-20) Gyenes, Dominik; Budai, Zsófia; Sarang, ZsoltVoluntary contractions of skeletal muscle made up of striated muscle tissue cause body movements and are well controlled. One of the most characteristic features of skeletal muscle is its high in vivo and in vitro regeneration capacity, but with greater muscle loss, the regeneration process is exhausted and requires intervention support. It follows that muscle injury is a constant challenge for the clinic. In the last century, especially in the last few decades, a number of techniques have been developed to promote muscle regeneration, including various surgical techniques, physical therapy, biomaterials, muscle tissue cultivation, cryotherapy, magnetic field application and cell therapy. At the same time, there is still a great need to develop new methods and materials that promote skeletal muscle improvement and functional regeneration. In this study we give a comprehensive picture of the epidemiology of muscle tissue loss, highlight current strategies for clinical management, and discuss new methods of muscle regeneration and the challenges of their future clinical transformation.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető FOGYASZTÓI MOTIVÁCIÓS VIZSGÁLATOK A DVSC LABDARÚGÓ CSAPATÁNAK BÉRLETESEI KÖRÉBEN(2020-03-20) Komáromi, Dominika Anna; Bácsné Bába, ÉvaIn this research, we investigated socio-demographic attributes and structure of DVSC Soccer Club’s season ticket owners and measured the motivational factors determining the sports consumption of Debrecen’s audience. After the literature review, we developed a tool for the measurement of the following factors: socio-demographic and match visiting habits, facilities and service, tickets and prices. We collected the data of the 49 samples online and through personal meetings. By evaluating the results, it became clear that fans of DVSC with season tickets experience the team’s success and failure as their own. Overall, it can be stated that those who have permanent entrants are surely visiting the matches. The growth of the season ticket owners is a key question for the club, which is determined by the creation and improvement of the club-fan bond.Tétel Szabadon hozzáférhető FIZIKAI AKTIVITÁS ÉS A TESTEDZÉS HATÁSA AZ IMMUNRENDSZER MŰKÖDÉSÉRE(2020-03-20) Arany, Attila Csaba; Jámbor, Ilona; Papp, GáborPhysical activity and exercise are especially important in maintaining health and reducing risk of many diseases. Exercise leads to a pronounced immunomodulation by affecting the elements of innate immune system, as well as the ratio and functions of neutrophils, macrophages, natural killer cells, which are involved in the development, maintenance and elimination of inflammation. In the adaptive immune system, Th1 / Th2 balance shift toward Th2, and high-intensity training causes an increase in the proportion of regulatory T cells, as opposed to the effect of non-strenuous exercise on the Treg cell ratio. In response to exercise, there is a lack of data on B cells, but some studies have reported a decrease in immunoglobulin secretion. In our own research we observed changes in naive and memory B cell ratios. Upon exercise, IL-6, as proinflammatory cytokine, promotes T cell proliferation, activation, and differentiation of B cells into antibody-producing plasma cells. Hormonal factors play an important role in the background of immunological changes. Exercise stimulates the secretion of both adrenaline and noradrenalin, and their concentration in the blood is directly proportional to the duration of exercise. Endurance exercise is associated with increased cortisol levels, while low intensity exercise does not significantly affect cortisol levels. Exercise and physical stress can increase the concentration of endorphins by 3 to 10 times; β-endorphin inhibits T and B cell activity, thus reduces antibody production. Testosterone causes a reduction in antibodies to IL-4, IL-5, IFN-γ, Ig-M and Ig-G. Based on the above, mild to moderate physical activity contributes to the enhancement of immune reactivity and the immune response. On the other hand, strenuous exercise with increased intensity leads to a deterioration of immune function and impaired immunological defense.